Bio-160 Lecture Final Study Guide

Front 1

Living organisms are not made of many cells

Back 1

True

Front 2

Isotopes

Back 2

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Front 3

The lower the number the more acidic and the more H+

Back 3

Front 4

What is the primary reason bacterial cells die in the presence of the correct antibiotic?

Back 4

they cannot make new proteins

Front 5

Autocrine

Back 5

a cell secretes a chemical messenger (a autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell

Front 6

Apoptosis

Back 6

Programmed cell death

Front 7

Protein Kinase (PK)

Back 7

a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them

Front 8

Active Transport

Back 8

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor

Front 9

Mitochandria

Back 9

converts chemical energy (sugar) into another form of chemical energy (ATP), which is simpler and could be used by the cell

Front 10

Chloroplasts

Back 10

converts solar/light energy into chemical energy (sugar)

Front 11

Ligand

Back 11

a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule that a protein binds

Front 12

Receptor

Back 12

a protein molecule, that receives chemical signals from outside the cell

Front 13

Cellular Response

Back 13

how your body recognizes and defends itself

Front 14

Enzyme

Back 14

protein catalyst (speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy)

Front 15

What is the monomer of carbs and example

Back 15

Macronomics; sugar

Front 16

What is the monomer of lipids and example

Back 16

fatty acids; animal fat

Front 17

What is the monomer of proteins and example

Back 17

amino acids; starch

Front 18

What is the monomer of nuclecic acid and example

Back 18

nucleotides; (A=T, G=C)

Front 19

What are the three different types of proteins?

Back 19

Structural: they build the body as cheratin in nails

Functional: they work doing something for the body as Haemoglobin in blood

Chemically active: they transform matter into something different, a chemical reaction takes place as in lipasas they destroy fats in food

Front 20

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Back 20

the main component of the membrane is the phospholipid bylayer - double layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails back to back and hydrophilic heads facing out. it also includes proteins suspended in this bylaeyr, that are all moving around and are responsible for trasporting stuff in and out of the cell. Some particles can just go through this membrane, with the help of those proteins. larger molecules, that can't fit through the pores, go in and out with the help of special vesicles - for the molecule to go in the cell, the membrane kind of goes around the particle, includes it in the structure and then pinches of inside the cell.

Front 21

DNA

Back 21

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all modern living organisms. DNA's genes are expressed, or manifested, through the proteins that its nucleotides produce with the help of RNA

Front 22

RNA

Back 22

The information found in DNA determines which traits are to be created, activated, or deactivated, while the various forms of RNA do the work

Front 23

Osmosis

Back 23

water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 24

Diffusion

Back 24

molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 25

Ionic Bonds

Back 25

the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms and is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions

Front 26

Covalent Bonds

Back 26

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Front 27

What is the basic process of how cells form tissues?

Back 27

Cell divison occurs and send singals to other cells to change to make a coating to stop any other substances from entering the wound

Front 28

What are the three types of animalcell junctions?

Back 28

Tight Junctions: a specialized connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes such that the space usually lying between them is absent

Adherens Junctions: protein complexes that occur at cell–cell junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues

Gap Junctions: specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types

Front 29

Hypotonic Solution

Back 29

Only water goes in causing it to become swollen

Front 30

Hypertonic Solution

Back 30

the water gets sucked out of the cell because of the high amount of salt causing it to shrivel up

Front 31

Isotonic Solution

Back 31

the movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell

Front 32

Exergonic

Back 32

reactions that release energy

Front 33

ATP functions by providing the energy to drive endergonic reactions

Back 33

true

Front 34

Back 34

Know the diagram

Front 35

Reduction

Back 35

Gains an electron

Front 36

Metabolism

Back 36

all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism

Front 37

Anabolic

Back 37

The chemical reactions that synthesize molecules in metabolism

Front 38

Catobolic

Back 38

Biochemical reactions that break down molecules in metabolism

Front 39

What is produced during the citric acid cycle?

Back 39

ATP, NAPH, FADH2

Front 40

NADPH is produced by?

Back 40

light reactions alone

Front 41

Calvin cycle location

Back 41

chloroplast stroma

Front 42

Cell respiration

Back 42

the biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy

Front 43

Equation photosynthesis

Back 43

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 44

Equation aerobic cell respiration

Back 44

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

Front 45

Location of cell respiration

Back 45

glycolysis : takes place in the cytoplasm

Kreb's Cycle/ citric-acid cycle : takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain: takes place in critae

Front 46

Photosynthesis

Back 46

process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy

Front 47

What are the harvest photons from wavelength of light energy

Back 47

chorophyll a and b and carotenoids

Front 48

ATP and NADH made in the critic acid cycle

Back 48

2 ATP and 6 NADH

Front 49

Glucose is broken down into

Back 49

pryuvate

Front 50

The loss in free energy of the electron donates by NAPH used to transport H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane against electrochemical gradient is the electron transport

Back 50

True

Front 51

Anerobic respiration

Back 51

the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen

Front 52

aerboic respiration

Back 52

the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen

Front 53

C3 photosynthesis

Back 53

most common and the most efficient at photosynthesis in cool, wet climates

Front 54

C4 photosynthesis

Back 54

most efficient at photosynthesis in hot, sunny climates

Front 55

CAM photosynthesis

Back 55

adapted to avoid water loss during photosynthesis so they are best in deserts

Front 56

Fermentation

Back 56

process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol