Final Exam Study Guide

Front 1

The _________ system breaks down ____ into substances that can be used as _________

Back 1

Digestive System

Front 2

filters _____ and removes _____: kidney produces _____

Back 2

Excretory system

Front 3

exchange of _____; exchange occurs in alveoil in _____

Back 3

Respiratory system

Front 4

5 senses

Back 4

sensory system

Front 5

Gamete Production

Back 5

Reproductive system

Front 6

1)needed materials and remove waste to and from the cell.

2)solid and liquid

Back 6

circulatory system

Front 7

liquid -plasma

solid- erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Back 7

plasma and solid

Front 8

carry oxygen on a red pigment-_ _ _ _ globin

requires iron

Back 8

erythocytes

Front 9

functions as defenders against disease

responsible for clotting

unoxygenated blood

pumps oxygenated to body

arteries take blood from heart to the body

veins return blood to the heart

Back 9

leukocytes

Front 10

controls body

Back 10

nervous system

Front 11

neurons-nerve cells

central nervous system-composed of brain and spinal cord

cerebrum- largest portion of brain

divided into 2 hemispheres

Back 11

parts of nerve system

Front 12

supports body

Back 12

skeletal system

Front 13

skull(cranium)

mandibles(lower jaw)

vertebral column

ribs

Back 13

axial skeleton

Front 14

upper arm(humerous)

lower arm(radius)

upper leg (femur or thigh)

lower leg(tibia or shinbone and fibulia)

Back 14

appendicular skeleton

Front 15

ball and socket(shoulder, hip)

hinge (knee, elbow)

Back 15

movable joints

Front 16

holds bones together at joints

Back 16

ligaments

Front 17

voluntary movement

attached to other muscles or bones by tendons

allows movement

Back 17

muscular system

Front 18

bend joints

Back 18

flexors

Front 19

straighten the joint

Back 19

extensors

Front 20

controls rate of metabolism

iodine pancreas

Back 20

thyroid glands

Front 21

controls blood sugar(glucose)

Back 21

hormone insulin

Front 22

aids in fight or flight

Back 22

adrenal glands

Front 23

master gland

Back 23

pituitary glands

Front 24

antibodies fight disease

produced in response to antigens

Back 24

immune system

Front 25

formed the basis of modern science of genetics

Back 25

Mendels

Front 26

portion of DNA that control specific traits

Back 26

genes

Front 27

dominant genes mask recessive genes

Back 27

FACTS

Front 28

when the genotypes has 2 identical alleles then the trait is homozygous...........if alleles are different then the trait is heterozygous

Back 28

FACTS

Front 29

reproduction

Back 29

cell division

Front 30

sexual reproduction

variations in populations

haploid daughter cells

one copy of chromosomes

Back 30

meiosis

Front 31

asexual reproduction

growth and cell repair

daughter cells identical to parent cell and are diploid

Back 31

mitosis

Front 32

sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

Back 32

nucleic acids composed of

Front 33

change in genetic form

few beneficial

Back 33

mutation

Front 34

binary fission(one cell divides into 2)

multiple fission (spore production

Fragmentation (new organisms grow from parent)

budding(new organisms results form an outgrowth of parents)

Back 34

asexual reproduction

Front 35

stolons(horizontal stem)

rhizomes(underground horizontal stems)

corms(short vertical shoots with fleshy stems)

bulbs(short vertical shoots with fleshy leaves)

produce new plants

Back 35

plants asexual reproduction

Front 36

cyclic change between haploid and diploid generations.

Back 36

alteration of generations

Front 37

haploid gametophyte produces (through mitosis)haploid gametes which unite to form a diploid zygote.

Back 37

FACTS

Front 38

grows by mitosis into the diploid sporophyte

Back 38

zygote

Front 39

produces haploid spores through meiosis

haploid spores grow into haploid gametophytes and cycle repeats

Back 39

diploid sporophyte

Front 40

majority of the life history is spent as a gametophyte

(haploid)

Back 40

zygotic life cycle

Front 41

majority of the life history is spent as a sporophyte

(diploid)

Back 41

gametic life cycle

Front 42

independent multicellular gametophyte and sporphyte generations

vascular plants

Back 42

Sporic life cycle

Front 43

ferns,flowers, and trees

Back 43

vascular plants

Front 44

when the spores are a different size and shape

Back 44

heterosporous

Front 45

the more complex the plant, the more dominant the sporophyte becomes.

in flowering plants the male gametophytes is reduced to just the pollen grain

Back 45

FACTS

Front 46

gametophyte of a fern is small and short-lived

Back 46

Prothallium

Front 47

pine cones produce male and female cones

Back 47

FACTS

Front 48

is the study of organisms and their relationships with other organisms and their environment

Back 48

ecology

Front 49

all energy and materials originate from nonliving environments

principles of ecology are common sense

Back 49

FACTS

Front 50

A organisms environmental requirements and tolerances determine its distribution

Back 50

FACTS

Front 51

Tells whom eats whom

interrelated food chains make food webs

shows how energy is passed from organism to organism through ecosystem

Back 51

Food chains

Front 52

chlorphyll plants convert suns energy to food molecules

plants provide food for living organisms

becoming first link in food chains

survival of each link in the food chain is dependent upon the survival of preceding links

Back 52

how food chain works

Front 53

animals cannot produce food and are consumers

Back 53

FACTS

Front 54

always changing but remains the same

dynamic balance

(balance seesaw)

community may change but number of organisms and their relationship stay the same

Back 54

nature

Front 55

natural occurrences

human actions

greed,impatience,selfishness

Back 55

balance of nature upset

Front 56

more resistant to natural catastrophes

Back 56

complex communities

Front 57

selected by humans

susceptible to catastrophes

Back 57

single species systems

Front 58

differences create different biomes or life zones

Back 58

vegetation and climate

Front 59

latitude and altitude

going up in altitude is the same as going north and south in latitude(from the equator)

Back 59

climate

Front 60

named after dominant vegetation

altitude goes from low to high

distances from equator increases

major biomes change from tropical rain forest to deciduous forest to northern coniferous forest to tundra

Back 60

terrestrial biomes

Front 61

no trees grounds frozen

Back 61

tundra

Front 62

evergreen trees

pine,spruce,fir

Back 62

northern coniferous forest

Front 63

trees shed leaves(winter)

oak maple and beech

Back 63

deciduous forest

Front 64

near equator

high humidity and rainfall

abundant variety of organisms

Back 64

tropical rain forest

Front 65

average rainfall

grasses and shrubs

few trees

usually called prairie

Back 65

grasslands

Front 66

very dry

less than 10' rain per year

Back 66

deserts

Front 67

differ from each other based on primarily on differences in temperature

amount of dissolved oxygen and saltiness

Back 67

aquatic biomes

Front 68

when damaged may never recover

Back 68

tundra

Front 69

anything makes the environment unclean,impure,or dirty

trash and poison

Back 69

pollution

Front 70

adds trash

and do not decompose easily

raw materials not renewable (used up)

recycling can help

Back 70

disposable items

Front 71

poison soil, air, and water

occurs from waste and trash products

accidental or intentional

auto major source of air pollutants

oil spills causes death of birds

Back 71

pollutants?

Front 72

intensive use of non-renewable fuel sources

find new energy sources

geothermal, wind, tidal, solar

Back 72

energy problems and solution

Front 73

cause health problems

burning eyes,breathing ,damage vegetation

(crops , forest, physical features)

EPA uses the clean air act

Back 73

air pollution

Front 74

particulates

ground level ozone

carbon monoxide

sulfur oxides

nitrogen oxides

lead

most widespread threats from particulates and ground level ozone

Back 74

EPA 6 regulated common air pollutants

Front 75

upper atmosphere

protects earth from uv lights

damages crops and forests very dangerous

Back 75

ozone

Front 76

results from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides

from precipitation

damages lakes,streams,vegetation,and physical structures

Back 76

acid rain