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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The skeletal/muscular system
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Support the body, protect vital organs, storage of minerals, and movement
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The nervous/sensory system
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Detect stimuli, transmit info, and to generate a reaction
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The cardiovascular/respiratory system
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Take in oxygen, pass it to cells, collect Co2 and remove it from the body
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The endocrine system
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Create and transport hormones
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The excretory system
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Collect liquid waste and remove it from the body
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The reproductive system
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Create and allow passage of gametes and provide a protective environment fro a developing fetus
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The digestive system
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Breakdown foods, absorb nutrients, and prepare solid waste for removal from the body
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Tendons-
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Connects muscle to bones
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Ligaments
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Connects bones to bones
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Neuron
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A specialized cell that transmit nerve impulses
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Kidney
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Filters waste from the body
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Pituitary gland
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Produces growth hormones and other control hormones
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Ovary
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Produces estrogen and progesterone
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Gall bladder-
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Stores bile
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Small intestine
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Absorb nutrients from newly digested food
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What two things make up nervous tissue?
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Neurons and their supporting cells
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Know the purpose of myelin
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Neurons and their supporting cells
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What is the name for the electrical signals transmitted by the neurons?
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Action Potential
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What are nerve impulses responsible for in humans?
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-Movement
-Perception -Thought -Emotions -Learning |
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What specific cells create the myelin sheathing in the peripheral nervous system?
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Schwann and Oligodendrocytes
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Name the gap between myelin cells
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Rode of Ranvier
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Which side of a cell membrane is more negatively charged? Which side is more positively charged?
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Negative= Inside Positive=Outside
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What is membrane potential?
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The difference of electrical charge between the inner surface and the outer surface of a cell
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What is a resting membrane potential?
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When a neuron is not transmitting an impulse
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What is an action potential?
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Local reversal of polarity
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What happens to the electrical charge on either side of a cell membrane during an action potential?
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The inside becomes more positive than the outside
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What is the resting potential (when an impulse is not being sent by a membrane) in mV?
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-70mV
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What is a synapse?
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Gap between nerve cells
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Acetylcholine
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Used in muscles
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Glutamate
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Used in the brain
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Norepinephrine and Dopamine
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Cause feelings of pleasure
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Enkaphalines and Endorphins
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Block pain signals
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Sensory and motor neurons
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Cerebrum
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1.)Largest part of the brain—location of learning and memory
2.)Divided into right and left hemispheres 3.)Corpus callosum (band of axons) connects the two hemispheres |
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Cerebral Cortex-
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1.)The outer most layer-gray matter
2.)Location of sensory and motor processing |
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Cerebellum-
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1.)Found at the base of the brain
2.)Regulates balance, posture, and movement 3.)Makes movements smooth and coordinated |
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Brain Stem-
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1.)Connects brain and cerebellum
2.)Maintaining homeostasis by regulating vital body functions (heart beating, temperature, sleep) |
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Spinal Cord-
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1.)Controls the sudden involuntary contractions of muscles called reflexes
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Dorsal root
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Sensory neurons that carry info to CNS
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Ventral Root-
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Motor neurons that carry info from CNS to muscles and glands
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Which part of the peripheral nervous system directs sensory information to the central nervous system?
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Sensory
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If a giant, starving puma were to get loose in the school and start chasing you down the hall, what system would be activated, causing you to respond with a “fight or flight” moment?
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Sympathetic system
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According to current evidence, how old is the universe?
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13.7 Billion years
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How is the Doppler Effect used to determine the motion of distant galaxies relative to our galaxy?
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The color of the light
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If light from distant objects is blueshifted, is the object moving towards or away from us? What if the light is redshifted?
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Toward
Away |
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What is a nebula?
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Cloud of gas and dust in space
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What is the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission?
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Fusion is the combining of nuclei and fission is the splitting of nuclei of elements
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In what order of elements does the Sun burn through its fuel supply?
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Hydrogen then helium then carbon
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List the five characteristics used to classify stars:
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- Age
- Distance from the earth - Color -Temp - Apparent brightness |
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What is nebular theory? What does it describe?
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The idea that the solar system was born from a cloud of gas called the solar nebula. How any solar system could be formed
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Are seasons determined by the distance from the Earth to the Sun?
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no
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Name three main aspects that are used to explain the cycle of lunar phases?
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1. Moon is spherical in shape
2. Moon is not self-luminous, but reflects the sunlight 3. Moon circles the Earth once a month |
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Do stars make lighter elements or heavier elements in their cores?
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heavier
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What are the tides on Earth caused by?
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Gravitational relationship between the Earth, Sun, and the moon
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What is the main idea of the concept of continental drift?
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The continents once were formed part of a single landmass called a supercontinent (Pangea)
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lithosphere
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the thin outer shell of earth that consists of the crust and rigid part of the upper mantle
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asthenosphere
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a deformable layer of the mantle that the lithosphere rides upon
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List three sources of all energy on Earth:
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1. Geothermal energy
2. Slow radioactive decay 3. Energy from the Sun |
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How is our sun classified, according to the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
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Main sequence star
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What led scientists to conclude that our Sun is a second-generation star?
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The presence of trace amounts of heavier elements within the Sun that it isn’t able to produce
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Convergent boundaries
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2 plates move toward each other ( mountain ranges and deep trenches)
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Divergent boundaries
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2 plates move away from each other (rift or a fissure like the Mid-ocean ridge)
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Transform boundaries
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2 plates slide past one another (San Andreas fault)
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Define the term half-life-
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how long it takes for half of the isotope to decay
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Define the term radiometric dating-
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estimation of the age of an object by measuring the content of certain radioactive isotopes
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What was the first living thing on Earth?
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Prokaryote like cyanobacteria
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Current evidence supports that idea that eukaryotes evolved from what types of organisms?
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Prokaryotes through the process of endosymbiosis
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Name the organelles that are believed to be symbiotic eubacteria.
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- Mitochondria
- Chloroplast |
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Gradualism
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slow steady change in the fossil record
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Punctuated equilibrium
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long periods of no change followed by periods of rapid species formation
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Did Darwin discover evolution?
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no
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What was Darwin’s main contribution to the idea of evolution?
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Discovered a mechanism to explain HOW species could change overtime
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What specific idea of Lamarck had the greatest impact on Darwin?
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Environment selecting the most advantageous traits
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How does natural selection define the overall success of a species?
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Reproductive success
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List the three steps involved in the creation of a fossil from a recently deceased organism:
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1) The organism must die and be buried quickly. (Before it can be eaten by scavengers or destroyed by natural processes.)
2) The buried organism must be undisturbed for thousands of years so water can slowly leach out the material of the hard body parts and replace them with other minerals. 3) The fossil must be exposed again to the surface so it can be found. |
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What particular locations would be most likely to produce future fossils?
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- near wet lowlands
- slow moving streams - lakes, shallow sea -near ash volcano |
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Intermediate form
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Fossils of organism that bridge the gap between different major groups.
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Vestigial structures
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a structure that is reduced in size and function.
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Homologous structures
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anatomical structures that are the same in different species. Often used for different purposes.
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Do scientists still use the term “missing link”? Why?
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No it implies that there is only on species. Often used for a different purposes.
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Which is a better indicator of evolutionary relationship: structure and function
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structure
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What regulates the early stages of an organism’s embryonic development, causing some very different organisms to have similar structures?
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Master Gene
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How did early cyanobacteria affect the Earth’s ecosystem?
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Increased the oxygen content of the atmosphere
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Name three structures common to all vertebrates during early development:
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tail
limb buds pharyngeal pouches (become gills or part of the throat) |
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List the four factors in natural selection that are true for all populations:
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Variation exists in all populations
Environment presents challenges to reproduction. More offspring are produced then can survive. Individuals better able to cope with the challenges will have more offspring survive to reproduce themselves. |
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What factor determines the beak size and shape of the finches on the Galapagos Islands?
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precipitation
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Divergence
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Accumulation of differences between groups
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Speciation
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process of a new species forming
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Multicellular organisms first appeared on Earth how long ago?
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700mya
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These organisms are members of what group?
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protist
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Whose hypothesis states that "a giraffe who stretches his neck to reach leaves will get a longer neck and produce offspring with longer necks"?
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Lamarack
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The idea that all of Darwin’s finch species come from one ancestral species is referred to as
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Decent with Modification
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What was the main idea of the 1798 Thomas Malthus essay, for which he won the Nobel Prize?
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Population was growing faster the food supply and that this could lead to famine, war, and disease
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Darwin condensed his thoughts on evolution into what three conclusions?
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- Many organisms produce more offspring then can survive
- all populations are limited by their environment - Darwin included humans in this idea, which caused problems for many people of the day |
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Why did Darwin wait so long to publish his research on evolution?
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Avoiding the controversy
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What was the name of Darwin’s 1859 book?
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On the Origin of Species by means of Selection
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List the three parts of Darwin’s hypothesis:
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1.) Variation exists within any population.
2.)Those better suited to survive in a particular environment will have more surviving offspring. 3.)The traits of those survivors will become more common in the population. |
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What factors have led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of some bacterial diseases?
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- Over use of antibiotics
- A few of the bacteria will be resistant to the antibiotics - these few resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce |
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The scientific name of an organism consists of what 2 parts
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1. Genus name
2. Species name |
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In order for two separate species to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, do the two species have to be closely related or distantly related?
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Closely related
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What is a fixed action pattern behavior?
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It is always innate
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What is involved in the process of reasoning?
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Using past experiences, analyzing a problem, and developing insight
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Ecology
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The study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and their physical environment.
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Habitat
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The place where a particular population of species lives
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Community
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The many different species that live together in a habitat
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Ecosystem-
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A community and all the physical aspects of its habitat, such as the soil, water, and weather
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Food chain-
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The path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem
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Carrying capacity
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The population size that an environment can sustain
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The energy that is lost as it flows through an ecosystem is primarily in what form?
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Heat
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List three means by which humans can modify any ecosystem?
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1. technology
2. consumption 3. population growth |
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Describe biogeochemical cycles?
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The path that energy takes through the ecosystem
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Biogeochemical cycles are maintained due to what law?
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Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
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The energy stored by the organisms in a particular trophic level is what percent of that stored by those in the level below it?
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10%
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What is the difference between a carnivore and an herbivore? Be able to give examples of each.
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Bob cat coyote snake
rabbit deer cow |
