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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?
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the sun
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What is photosynthesis?
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Process plants use to capture light energy and make complex molecules
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What are heterotrophs?
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organisms that consume other organisms for energy
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Why is chlorophyll green?
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it reflects green light (photons)
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What causes the electrons of chlorophyll to be raised to a higher level?
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chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light
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What do they enter when that occurs?
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Electron transport chain
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Where does oxygen gas come from during photosynthesis?
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water
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How has that affected the atmosphere?
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it's rich in oxygen gas
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Why is carbon fixation in plants important?
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all organic molecules can be traced back to CO2 in the atmosphere
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What happens to the excited electrons from Photosystem I?
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captured by NADPH
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What are the products of the light reactions used in the dark reactions?
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ATP and NADPH
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What is the Calvin cycle? When does it occur?
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A series of reactions that create carbohydrates. In both light and dark conditions
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Where does the energy to form ATP come from?
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proton pumps in the thylakoid membrane
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What is ATP?
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molecules essential for life
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What is cellular respiration?
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release of energy from the breakdown of food
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A connection between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
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oxygen
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What is acetyl CoA?
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formed from pyruvate, enters Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released
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What happens to glucose in glycolysis? (split)The products of glycolysis?
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2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADPH
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What is fermentation?
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organic compounds broken down in absence of oxygen
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Difference between glycolysis and aerobic respiration?
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glycolysis no oxygen (cytoplasm), aerobic with oxygen (mitochondrion)
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What is formed in muscles when oxygen isn’t present?
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lactic acid
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Location of Krebs cycle & ETC?
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mitochondrion
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What are the parts of cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
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What is the end product of the ETC?
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water
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Name of equation? What is Molecule A? C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P = 6CO2 + 6 H2O + MOLECULE A
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aerobic respiration. ATP
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What is heredity?
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inheritance of traits
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Who was the father of genetics?
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Mendal
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What is meant by phenotype?
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appearance of a trait
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Distinguish between heterozygous and homozygous.
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heterozygous-two different alleles and homozygous–the same alleles
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Distinguish between recessive and dominant.
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recessive-masked trait) and dominant–masking trait
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What is the law of independent assortment?
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one gene has no effect on the inheritance of another
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What is a Punnett square?
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device used to determine genetic outcomes
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What is genetics?
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study of heredity
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Which of Mendel’s laws states that “alleles separate from each other during meiosis I”.
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law of segregation
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What is a test cross?
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crossing unknown dominant phenotype with homozygous recessive
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List the parts of a DNA nucleotide.
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phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base
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Function of DNA?
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to store and transmit genetic information and regulate the production of protein
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DNA is made of long chains of …
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nucleotides
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Who established the structure of DNA?
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Watson & Crick
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What holds the two strands of the double helix together?
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hydrogen bonds
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Complementary bases to ACTTTACG.
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TGAAATGC
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Role of DNA polymerase in replication.
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adding nucleotides
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Differences between RNA and DNA?
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strands, sugar, bases
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Role of mRNA in transcription.
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carries instructions from nucleus to ribosomes
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What is a codon?
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mRNA nucleotide triplet – codes for amino acid
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DNA from mRNA (AUGCCCACG)
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TACGGGTGC
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tRNA’s role in translation?
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anticodons help to deliver amino acids
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What is a sex-linked trait?
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traits on X chromosome
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Sex-linked traits are more common in which gender?
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males
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What is an example of a sex-linked blood disease?
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hemophilia
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What is a trait in humans caused by multiple alleles?
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ABO blood types
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What is a pedigree?
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diagram of a family trait over the course of generations
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Genotype of a colorblind female?
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X^c X^c
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What causes traits with a range of phenotypes?
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many genes (polygenic inheritance)
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What amino acid cannot be digested in a person with "phenylketonuria?"
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phenylalanine
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What disorder affects skin pigment?
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albinism
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What disorder is dominant?
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Huntington's
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How do autotrophs obtain energy?
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photosynthesis
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What are the final two levels of classification and how are the written?
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Genus and Species, the Genus is capitalized and the Species are not, both are in italics
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What is the hierarchy? Largest to smallest
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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What is taxonomy?
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the study if classification
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What is the most general level of the order of hierarchy?
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domain
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What is ecology?
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study of interaction of living organisms with each other and their physical environment
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What is a habitat?
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physical location of an ecosystem in which a given species lives
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What is population?
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a group of a single species in an area at a specific time
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What is a species?
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the lowest classification level in biological taxonomy
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An example of a relationship between a producer and a consumer?
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A Zebra eating grass
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What is a competition?
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What occurs when organisms require the same food and space
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What is commercialism?
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one organism benefits, the other neither nor is harmed
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In the Nitrogen cycle, what uses do plants use nitrates and nitrates to form?
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Amino acids
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What is a biome?
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major ecosystems that occur over wide areas
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