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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Digestive System
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a. Mechanical Processing and Motility
b. Secretion c. Digestion d. Absorption e. Elimination |
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Where does digestion begin?
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in the mouth
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How many teeth do children have?
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20 teeth
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How many teeth does a normal adult have?
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32 teeth
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Incisors
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shear food
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Canines
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tear food
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Premolars and Molars
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grind and crush food
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Enamel
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made of calcium deposits, hardest substance in the body
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Where is Saliva produced?
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In the salivary glands
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Where are the salivary glands located?
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at the back of the mouth and under the tongue
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What does saliva have in it?
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a. Salivary amylase
b. Bicarbonate (buffer) c. Mucins d. Water |
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Salivary Amylase
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digests starch
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Bicarbonate
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maintains pH in the mouth while eating acidic foods, is a buffer,
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Mucins
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proteins that bind food into bolus
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Swallowing
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complex reflex, tongue muscle ctx's move food into pharynx, epiglottis and vocal cords close off trachea (breathing), bolus moves into the esophagus and then through the esophageal sphincter into the stomach
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Sphincter
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ring of smooth muscle in or at end of tube, contraction close lumen of tube
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Submucosa
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controls digestion, has a mesh of nerves
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Mucosa
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faces lumen, inner layer of glandular epithelium
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What do gastric glands secrete?
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mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen called gastric fluid
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How much gastric fluid is made daily?
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about 1 to 2 liters per day, mostly after eating
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What does the acid in the stomach do?
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it kills some pathogens, helps unfold some proteins in food and converts pepsinogen to pepsin
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Chyme
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semiliquid mass of partially digested food, and it is released into the duodenum a little bit at a time
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What are the three regions of the small intestine?
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a. duodenum
b. jejunum c. ileum |
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What moves chyme through the small intestine?
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peristaltic waves
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Pyloric Sphincter
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controls movement into the duodenum
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How much does the small intestine receive daily?
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9 liters of fluid per day and about 95% is absorbed
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What does the duodenum receive?
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it receives secretions from pancreas, liver and gallbladder, and it continues process of digestion
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Where are most nutrients absorbed in?
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jejunum and ileum
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What are the three intestinal secretions?
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a. disacchidases
b. peptidases c. nucleases |
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Disaccharidases
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digest dissaccharides to monosaccharides
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Peptidases
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break protein fragments down to amino acids
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Nucleases
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digest nucleotides down to nucleic acids and monosaccharides
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Where are pancreatic enzymes secreted into?
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into the duodenum
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What are the pancreatic enzymes?
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a. Pancreatic amylase
b. Trypsin and chymotrypsin c. Carboxypeptidase d. Lipase |
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Pancreatic Amylase
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breaks down polysaccharides
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Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
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breakdown proteins
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Carboxypeptidase
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breaks down peptides to component amino acids
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Lipase
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breaks down triglycerides to free fatty acids and monosaccharides, requires bile
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What does the liver produce?
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bile
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Where is bile stored?
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in the gallbladder
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What is bile made up of?
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a. water
b. bile salts c. pigments d. cholesterol e. lecithin |
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Where is bile secreted to?
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duodenum
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What is the main function of bile?
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to emulsify fats, intestinal contractions break fat into droplets
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What do the bile salts do?
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they coat droplets and prevent them from reattaching to one another
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What is Emulsion?
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droplets remain suspended in fluid
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What is the hepatic portal system?
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it carries nutrient rich blood directly from digestive system to liver via hepatic portal vein then blood goes to general circulation
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What does the liver convert?
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ammonia to urea
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What fat soluble vitamins does the liver store?
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A, D, E, K
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What is stored in the liver that is in the form of glycogen?
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glucose
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What does the liver also make other than bile?
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some lipids, plasma proteins
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What does the liver destroy?
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it destroys worn out RBCs
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What do the walls of the small intestine do?
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projections in the intestinal lumen increase the surface area available for absorption
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Where does absorption mainly happen?
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in the jejunum and ileum
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Micelle
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small droplet of bile salts and lecithin
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What does the large intestine store?
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feces
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Feces
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it is a mixture of water, bacteria, and undigested/unabsorbed material
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Leptin
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hormone that affects appetite and metabolic rate
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Functions of the Urinary System
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a. Regulates body water levels
b. Regulates nitrogenous and other solute waste |
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Where are nephrons located?
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in the cortex and medulla
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What do nephrons make?
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urine
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Where is urine collected?
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renal pelvis
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How many liters of fluid from blood/day is removed from blood?
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180 liters
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What are the two major divisions of the nephron?
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Tubular and Vascular
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Where does plasma fluid filter out to?
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to the glomerulus and into the capsular space
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What are the four regions of the tubular portion of the nephron?
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1. Proximal Tubule
2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal Tubule 4. Collecting Duct |
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Afferent Arteriole
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directed toward enters glomerular capsule and divides to make the glomerulus, where fluid and solutes are filtered from blood
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Efferent Arteriole
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carries filtered blood from glomerulus
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What does the efferent arteriole divide into?
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a. Peritubular Capillaries
b. Vasa Recta |
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Peritubular Capillaries
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reabsorb water, ions, and nutrients in proximal and distal tubules
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Vasa Recta
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capillaries in medulla that supply the Loop of Henle and collecting ducts
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ADH
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increases permeability of collecting duct to water
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What vitamin does the kidneys activate?
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vitamin D
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Erythropoietin
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hormone secreted by kidneys, released in response to a fall in available oxygen , stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBCs
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