Bio Ii Final (Study Guide)

Front 1

ingestive heterotrophs

Back 1

require energy/nutrients from other things

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systems required by ingestive heterotrophs to capture food

Back 2

motility
sensory organs
neural coordination
skeletal support
neural/muscular response systems

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digestive system

Back 3

mouth & internal digestive system used to absorb nutrients from food

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circulatory system

Back 4

transport nutrients from food to body cells

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excretory system

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removes wastes from the body

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hormonal system

Back 6

coordinates growth, response, reproduction, and digestive secretions

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poriferans

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(sponges)
-intermediate stage in evolution of animals; lack most systems
-differ from protists in having specialized cell types cooperating in a multicellular body

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cnidarians

Back 8

(sea anemones,corals,jellyfish)

simple animals with 2 fundamental tissue layers, gastrodermal cavity (single opening), radial symmetry, simple network of nerves and contractile fibers

many have stinging cells that can be injected into animals

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gastrodermal cavity

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one opening

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polyps & medusas

Back 10

polyps- sessile cnidarians

medusas- mobile cnidarians

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characteristics of most animals

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3 tissue layers : ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

bilaterally symmetrical

show cephalization

develop body cavity (coelom) lined with mesoderm

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hydrostatic skeleton

Back 12

how most soft-bodied animals like earthworms move

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cambrian period

Back 13

animals began to develop hard skeletons or shells for protection and support of muscular activity

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arthropods

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(crustaceans,arachnids,and insects)

jointed exoskeletons that molt as the animal grows

insects & arachnids evolved to the terrestrial environment

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spiracles and trachea

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respiratory system of insects

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book lungs

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respiratory system of spiders

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wings (insects)

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provide mobility and an advantage in seeking food

dispersal and mating

defense

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silk glands

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spiders

related to food acquisition

also used for dispersal and defense

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mandibles

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crustaceans and insects

may be highly modified in insects adapted for special modes of feeding (moths/butterflies)

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chelicerae

Back 20

spiders and other chelicerates like scorpions

used for feeding

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Mollusks

Back 21

(clams, chitons, snails, octopi, squid)

shells made of calcium carbonate. grow as animals do from secretions from the mantle

have a single foot

cephalapods! foot divided into tentacles

have great mobility,large eyes,intelligence from evolving as predators

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echinoderms

Back 22

(sea stars, sea urchins, sea sligs)

deuterostomes share a common ancestry with chordates separate from arthropods, mollusks, and annelid worms

nearly radially symmetrical, complex dermal system (gills, spines, pedicellarae, water vascular system, tube feet)

early echinoderms like crinoids were sessile filter feeders

endoskeleton

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pedicellarae

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echinoderm spikes on skin

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chordates

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(lancelets, vertebrates)

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, basket-like pharynx

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tunicates

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specialized sessile chordates with enlarged pharyngeal baskets

only the motile larvae have the notochord and postanal tail

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vertebrates

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chordates with a spinal column and internal skeleton of distinct bones

no notochord

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aquatic vertebrates

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two pairs of fins, jaws, placoid scales and teeth, lateral line organs, lungs->swim bladders

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terrestrial vertebrates

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(tetrapods)

evolved legs, improved lungs, and eventually amniotic eggs

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amniotic egg

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amnion surrounding the embryo

yolk=main source of nutrients

allantois-disposal sac

adapted for land

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birds

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evolved from warm-blooded dinosaurs

feathers before wings

lightweight skeleton and modified lungs which facilitated flying

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mammals

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descended from early amniotes

evolved mammary glands, body hair, versatile teeth, a muscular diaphragm, and internal gestation

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primates

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evolved primarily in an arboreal habitat, accounting for the flexibility of their limbs, binocular color vision, and high intelligence

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humans

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evolved from primates that moved into grasslands

greater intelligence and social interaction required for survival in grasslands

hands freed up by the evolution of bipedal locomotion, leading to the use of tools and the development of technology

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homonins

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developed upright posture, an s-shaped spine, and bipedal locomotion

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homo erectus

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extremely successful species with many characteristics associated with modern humans

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homo neanderthalensis

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more like us than previously thought; may have been a subspecies of race of our own species