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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HMS beagle |
The ship Darwin sailed over on |
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Pathogenic |
A disease causing bacteria |
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Transcription |
From DNA to mRNA; takes place in the nucleus |
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Translation |
From mRNA to the amino acids; occurs in the cytoplasm |
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Codon |
Three nucleotide sequence to form a genetic code; codes for an amino acid |
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Peptide bond |
A bond between two molecules of the carboxyl group |
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Population |
The smallest unit that can evolve; a group of organisms that can interbreed |
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Binomial nomenclature |
Two name naming system (Genus species) |
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DNA ligase |
An enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments |
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DNA polymerase |
An enzyme that build DNA from nucleotides |
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A-site |
Acceptor site; accepts the amino acid; the binding site for protein synthesis |
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P-site |
Holds the amino acid while it gets bonded to the next amino acid |
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E-site |
The exit site where the protein is built up |
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Introns |
Non-coding segment of a DNA or RNA that is taken out |
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Exons |
The coding segment of DAN or RNA |
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Plasmid |
The small accessory ring in bacteria; built in a circle |
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Missense |
When the DNA will still code for something, but it is not the right thing |
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Frameshift mutation |
When one of the bases is absent and the whole code shifts down; usually results in missense |
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Endemic |
A disease found among specific people in a specific area |
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Retrovirus |
A group of RNA viruses; insert their own DNA onto host cell’s DNA |
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Provirus |
The genetic material of a virus that is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA |
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Evolution |
Descent with modification; change in allele frequency over time |
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Bacteriophage |
A virus that only infects bacteria |
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Reverse transcriptase |
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA or RNA |
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Promoter |
The sequence of DNA that begins transcription of a gene |
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Terminator |
A sequence of DNA or RNA that marks the stop of transcription |
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Start codon |
AUG |
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Stop codons |
UGA; UAA; UAG |
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What direction are DNA strands typically built in? |
5’ to 3’ |
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What direction are DNA strands read in? |
3’ to 5’ |
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Point mutation |
A mutation affecting only one or few nucleotides in a gene sequence; results in missense typically |
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Taxonomy |
The classification and organization of organisms |
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Name the order of classification from biggest to smallest |
D K P C O F G S |
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Name the three domains |
Eukarya, bacteria, archaea |
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What domain are viruses in |
None |
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What are some prezygotic barriers |
Habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation |
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What are postzygotic barriers |
Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown |
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Biophilia |
Innate love of life |
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Biogenesis |
The idea that living things come only from other living things |
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Ionic bond |
A bond between substances in which electrons are donated or received |
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Covalent bond |
A bond in which electrons are shared |
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Hypotonic |
Having a lower osmotic pressure than another fluid |
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Hypertonic |
Having a greater osmotic pressure |
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Cohesion |
The clinging of like molecules (water to water) |
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Adhesion |
The clinging of unlike molecules (water to the side of a glass) |
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Solvent |
A substance that dissolves a solute |
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Solute |
What is dissolved by a solvent to make a solution |
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Isomers |
molecule with identical formulas but different structures or different shapes |
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Monosaccharide |
The simplest form of sugar |
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Polysaccharide |
A carbohydrate whose molecule consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together |
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Isotope |
The same element with a different number of neutron but equal protons; relatively the same atomic mass |
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Endocytosis |
The taking in of matter by a living cell |
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Golfi apparatus |
Involved in intercellular transport |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Involved in protein and lipid synthesis |
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How much more acidic is a pH of 6 than a pH of 7? 5 to 7? |
10 times; 100 times |
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What is ATP |
Adenosine TriPhosphate; the energy molecule of the cell |
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Ribosome |
Consists of RNA; associated with protein synthesis |
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Krebs cycle |
Produces 2 ATP |
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Electron transport chain |
Produces about 30 ATP |
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Glycolysis |
Produces 2 ATP |
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Chemiosmosis |
The movement of ions through a semipermeable membrane |
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Stroma |
The colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplasts |
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Grana |
Stacks of thylakoids |
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Thylakoids |
The disc-like structures inside a chloroplast on which light reactions take place |
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Chromatin |
DNA wrapped around histones (protein) to form chromatids |
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Pyruvic acid |
What is converted to acetyl coenzyme A if oxygen is present |
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Fermentation |
What occurs in anaerobic respiration |
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur? |
The mitochondria |
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How many ATPs does aerobic cellular respiration produce |
About 34 |
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How many ATPs does anaerobic respiration produce |
Just 2; then it goes back to more glycolysis; it produces just enough to keep fermentation going |
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What are the energy organelles |
Mitochondria and chloroplast |
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What organelle produces lipids |
Endoplasmic reticulum |
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Glycolysis |
Produces 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP, and NADH from glucose, 2 ADP, and NAD |
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Lactic acid |
Produced from pyruvic acid in cellular respiration |
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What happens in photo system 2? |
It captures photons (light particles) and uses the energy to extract electrons from water |
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What happens in photosystem 1? |
Uses light energy to produce ATP and NADPH |
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Amniocentesis |
The sampling of amniotic fluid to screen for abnormalities in a fetus; more accurate than CVS |
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Autosome |
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
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Name some inheritance diseases |
Brachydactyly, tay-Sachs, downs, cystic fibrosis |
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Non disjunction |
The failure of separation of chromosomes or sister chromosomal during meiosis or mitosis |
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Reduction division |
When the chromosome number goes from diploid to haploid at the end of meiosis 1 |
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Crossing over |
The exchange of genes between homologous chromosome resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics |
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Chorionic villi sampling |
Testing for fetus abnormalities by means of taking placenta tissue and testing it; can be done earlier in pregnancy |
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Lagging strand |
The strand in DNA replication that is built in fragments |
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Semiconservative replication |
The process of DNA replication in which half of one of the new DNA strands is old and half is new |
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Capsid |
The protein shell of a virus that encloses the genetic material of a virus |
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Nitrogen fixation |
The process in which nitrogen is converted to NH3 |
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How many genes does LUCA have in common with all of its ancestors |
355 |
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Lysozyme |
An enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of a bacteria |
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Sterilization |
Heating an object to 121 degrees in order to kill bacteria on it |
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Prion |
An infectious, misfolded protein |
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Virulent virus |
A virus that lyses out of its host immediately upon infection |
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Viroid |
An infectious virus affecting only plants; 1/100 the size of a virus |
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Biological magnification |
The increase of the concentration of toxins at higher levels in a food chain |
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What are the four types of ecology and describe them |
Physiological ecology, abiotic factors; population ecology, biotic factors specifically within a single population; community ecology, how two or more populations interact; ecosystem ecology, how everything within and ecosystem interacts |
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Where is the k value of a logistic growth curve? |
At the carrying capacity |
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Name the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration |
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + ATP |
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Name the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis |
Water + carbon dioxide + light energy —> glucose + oxygen |
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Does pyruvic acid directly enter the Krebs cycle? |
No, it is converting to coenzyme A first |
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What molecule is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain? |
Oxygen |
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What photosystem is responsible for the production of ATP |
Photosystem 1 |
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Which photosystem produces oxygen? |
Photosystem 2 |
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What do helper T-cells do? |
They activate B-cells to secrete antibodies |
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What did the earliest life on Earth consist of? |
Prokaryotes |
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What is a feed conversion ratio |
The rate of measuring the efficiency of which bodies convert feed into the diaries output |
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What gets stained in a gram stain test? |
Peptidoglycan |
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What prevents gram negative from getting stained? |
Lipopolysaccharides |
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Where does transcription occur? |
Nucleus |
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Where does transcription occur? |
Mitochondria |
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What is polymerase chain reaction |
Makes lots of DNA from one strand for crime stuff |
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What does CRISPR mean |
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short palindromic Repeats |
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Synapsis |
The fusion of chromosomes at the start of meiosis |
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What are trace elements |
Elements present in minute quantities in nature (copper, iron, magnesium) |
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What are the four monomers and their polymers? |
Fatty acids and lipids, nucleotides and nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins, monosaccharides and carbohydrates |
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What is active transport? |
The movement of molecules into a region higher concentration assisted by enzymes and requiring energy |
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What is passive transport |
The movement of molecules that does not require energy |
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What organelles are involved in protein synthesis? |
Ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum |
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What is a vesicle |
A structure that helps with the transport of materials within or outside a cell |
