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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Succeeded Henry VIII as ruler of England
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Edward VI
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transformed the church of england into a protestant church (with Edward VI)
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Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer
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Document that defines the Anglican church
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Book of Common Prayer
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Edward VI left the throne to this person
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Lady Jane Grey
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This person, the regent of Edward VI, later acted in a machiavellian way and married his son to Jane Grey
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John Dudley
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Politique Rulers
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Elizabeth I
Charles V |
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Not politique rulers
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Ferdinand and Isabella
Philip II |
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cousin of Tudors (heir to the throne), Catholic, locked up and executed by Elizabeth b/c Catholic, girlfriend of Philip II
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Mary Stuart
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Son of Mary Stuart who succeeds the English throne after Elizabeth I (protestant because nobles kidnapped him)
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James I
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during this meeting, Charles V tried to stop the religious divide by trying to make the two sides agree and concede faith--> both sides refused
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Diet of Regensburg 1541
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The French nobles were what religion
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Calvinists (huguenots)
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FRANCE what family was huguenot
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Bourbon
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FRANCE what families were catholic
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Guise and Valois
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"Paris is worth a mass"
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Henry IV during French civil war-->embraced catholicism for interest of FR
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Charles V split the HRE into...
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HRE and Austria to brother Ferdinand I
Spain, New World, and Netherlands to son Philip II |
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First leader feared as universal monarch
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Charles V Hapsburg
(HRE, Austria, Spain, New World, Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and FR) |
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Charles V borrowed heavily from the...
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Fugger Bank
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this war in the HRE was waged against nobles but Charles V had to deal with it
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Peasants' War 1525
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This convention was called to address Luther and the reformation
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Diet of Worms 1521
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This war was waged between 1546-1555 and was Charles V vs the Princes
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Schmalkaldic League War
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This period called for a compromise on theology
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"Interim" 1548
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Peace treaty for the schmalkaldic League War and princes get to pick the religion, victory for princes + states' rights
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Peace of Augsburg 1555
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This stated that if you turn Lutheran, you can't take Catholic land (violated by princes)
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Ecclesiastical reservation
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At this battle, Philip defeated the Turks in a great sea battle and controls the Western Mediterranean
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Lepanto 1571
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The living place of Philip II
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Escorial
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William of Orange took the lead to attack Catholic churches (anti-spanish resistance) during Philip II's reign
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1566 Revolt in Netherlands
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Split of Netherlands: northern area
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Union of Utrecht (7 provinces)
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Split of Netherlands: southern area
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Spanish Netherlands (10 provinces), catholic, FR-speaking
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Ruling merchants in the Union of Utrecht
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Regents
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Common institution in the Union of Utrecht
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States General
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Leader of Union of Utrecht
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William the Silent (Orange) but only rules in times of crisis
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key province of Union of Utrecht
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Holland
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Other name of Spanish Netherlands
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Union of Arras
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Leaders of Union of Arras/Spanish Netherlands
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Philip II, Duke of Parma
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Date of Independence for netherlands
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1648
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Key treaties for Union of Utrecht
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12 years truce (1609)--truce granted by Spanish that gave the Dutch an identity among the other European nations
Peace of Westphalia (1648) |
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This document published by Elizabeth I incorporated elements of Catholic ritual along with Calvinist doctrines
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39 Articles of Religion (1563)
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Elizabeth I rejected these people
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Calvinist "presbyterianism"-->puritans
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Secular motives for religious wars (5)
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increase political power, economic gain (netherlands/spanish conflict), foreign policy goals, class conflict (peasants' war), and nationalism
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religious wars (8)
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French Civil War (1562-98)
Spain vs. Dutch (1566-1609) 30 Years' War (1618-48) English Civil War (1642-1649) Reconquista 1492 Peasants' War 1525 Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) Europe vs. Ottomans |
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Description of Politique ruler
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-govt stability over religious conformity
-state>religion -compromise -peaceful and productive nation is most important -annoyed at wars for disrupting the economy |
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FRENCH CIVIL WAR king and queen
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Henry II Valois and Catherine de Medici
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Henry II's sons: was first in line to the throne, married Mary Queen of Scots, prosecuted protestants
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Francis II
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Henry II's sons: second to the throne
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Charles IX
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Final valois-->end of dynasty
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Henry III
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Machiavellian Catherine de Medici did these things...
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-broke faith sometimes to play Catholics against Huguenots
-married daughter to Henry of Navarre (leading Huguenot) -tried to kill Gaspard Coligny during wedding -St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 |
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Most machiavellian deed of Catherine de Medici
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572
-estimated 10,000 huguenots killed |
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French civil war: triangle of henries
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Henry III Valois (catholic) --> Henry IV Bourbon of Navarre (Huguenot) POLITIQUE-->Henry Duke of Guise (most powerful and Catholic League)
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Henry of Navarre became King of France because...
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Henry III was killed by the Catholic League through a monk because he killed Henry Duke of Guise
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Henry IV did this politique act after being rejected from Paris by Philip II
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he converted
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Henry IV issues this to allow Huguenot worship to be tolerated and fortifies Huguenot cities
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Edict of Nantes 1598
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Increased state authority of new nation states resulted after the 30 Years' War... (5)
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-taxation
-bureaucracy -"intendants"=delegates from king's council to each province to oversee police, army, etc -raison d' etat -divine right of monarchy (james I stuart) |
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Effects of the Armada (1588) upon England
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-protestantism forever secured
-reinforced NATIONALISM -increased Elizabeth's political power and popularity -start of English as naval and colonial power |
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Effects of the Armada (1588) upon Dutch
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-continue to fight SP w/ Eng
-1609 12 Years Truce (informal independence) |
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Effects of the Armada (1588) upon Spain
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-lost ships-->$, dutch
-begins slow decline (DID NOT CAUSE DECLINE) |
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Decline of spain occurred because...(3)
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-ineffective monarchs after Philip II
-end of new world gold and silver -no middle class and commercial life (unlike ENG and FR) |
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Reasons for the recession of the 1500s
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-risky business = decrease of foreign trade
-supply of gold and silver stopped -400% inflation in food prices -inability of agriculture to support a growing population -30 years' war => demand for taxes -middle-class waste money to emulate nobility -climatic changes (small ice age) |
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In the 1500s, the NW began to dominate. Who and Why?
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Dutch, Eng, FR
-fast recovery from plague -did not suffer much from 30 years war and malnutrition -Dutch Republic=> agricultural innovation -England=> not as dependent on new world golds |
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1600s reasons why life was hard on the peasants (6)
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-famine from food shortage (meat) due to pop increase
-disease (plague, dysentery,etc) -taxes (to nobles, church, and nation) -war -inflation -not enough land |
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Social/Intellectual/Cultural differences between East and West (4)
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-serfdom strong in east, dies in west
-east--nobles remain powerful -west--larger middle class/commercial power -east--literacy and education were lower |
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What made Spain and Portugal dominant in Age of Exploration 1400-1500s? (4)
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-New Technology (caravel, lateen sail, compass, sextant, Prince Henry the Navigator's sailing school)
-Location: atlantic focus -Stability because of catholic unity -New Monarch nation states = $ from tax |
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This person, a Christian humanist, chose Christian unity over reform and schism
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Erasmus
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Portugal explorers (2)
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Dias- cape of good hope
De gama- water route to India |
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Spain explorers (2)
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Columbus 1492
Magellan- first circumnavigation |
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This person was in charge of creating clocks for the longitude board (H1-H4)
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John Harrison
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Luther's followers were called...
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Evangelicals
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This person began a religion in Zurich that was independent of Luther and differed from Luther in communion procedures
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Huldrych Zwingli
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Northern Renaissance figures (3)
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Thomas More--Utopia
Erasmus--Praise of Folly, Handbook of Christian Knight Chaucer--Canterbury Tales |
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What countries were affected by Northern Renaissance? (4)
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Low Countries, England, HRE, FR
NOT spain and portugal--strictly catholic |
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Northern Renaissance beliefs
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-Christian Humanism
-education (More and Erasmus) -live active life with christian values (love, tolerance, humility, piety) ERASMIAN VALUES |
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Causes of the Reformation (6)
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-princes wanted to expand land
-earlier groups, like Hussites, made it possible -growth of middle class -papal control, financial dues= irksome -printing press=ideas spread -merchants deplore finance flow to Rome |
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peasants in this region of the HRE revolted
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Southern and Central Germany
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Different translations of the Bible available at the time
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Luther's Bible in German
Catholic German Bibles French and English Translations |
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This was a secondary system of humanist schools, prepare boys for university study, started through reformation
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Gymnasia
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This event took place in Leipzig and (Catholic church vs Lutheranism)
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Theological Rumble 1519 with Johann Eck and Luther
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Responsibilities of Charles V Hapsburg (1519-1555) [4]
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-Turks were at their height
-Protestant reformation -strength of princes -inheritance was TOO BIG |
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This was known as the international religion
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Calvinism
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Religion of Scandanavia
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Lutheran
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Seven Sacraments of the Catholic faith
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Baptism, Communion (transubstantiation), Reconciliation, Marriage, Confirmation, Holy Orders, Last Rites
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Communion of Lutherans and Anglicanism
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Consubstantiation (presence of Jesus in bread and wine but not actually Jesus)
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Place of Anabaptistism
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Switzerland, Germany, Low Countries
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leaders of anabaptists (2)
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Menno Simmons, Jan of Leiden
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This convention was called to start the counter-reformation
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The Council of Trent 1545-1563
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3 effects of Jesuits
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-establishments of colleges to educate catholic leaders
-missionaries -restore confidence of faithful in power of church |
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This person was a severe critic of colonial brutality in Spain
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Bartolome de Las Casas
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This person wrote this book to represent court culture
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The Courtier by Castiglione
renaissance humanism used by urban middle class to emulate nobles |
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This term is used to describe how an ideal courtier and gentlewoman should act
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sprezzatura!
-cool-headed |
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This act established Henry VIII as head of church
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Act of Supremacy of 1529
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This was an incident in which anti-catholic posters were hung around paris. This stopped toleration of Protestants in FR
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Affair of the Placards
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Spain lost these lands as a result of the Peace of Westphalia
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Netherlands and Portugal
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HRE lost these parts
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N HRE to sweden, swiss confederation, alsace to FR, german princes to autonomy
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Sweden's role after Peace of Westphalia
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dominant nation in the North, control baltic
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Paradigm shift 1648 (4)
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End of Religion (raison d' etat), one overall peace conference, effective end of HRE and rise of FR, Foreign policy/alliances=>balance of power
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Philip II's reasons for the Spanish Armada (4)
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Attacks by pirates, Elizabeth against Catholicism, helping spain's enemies, execution of Mary
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Philip wanted 3 things from the Armada
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-freedom of worship for english catholics
-money from pirates -stop helping dutch |
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Problems of the spanish armada
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-Duke of Medina-Sedonia with no naval experience
-communication difficult -Francis Drake burned barrel staves--food spoiled -cut anchor |
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What really saved the English from the armada?
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Protestant Wind
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This document was used by the catholics and gave in to nothing
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tridentine creed 1563
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Famous musicians of the baroque period
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Handel and Bach
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Famous artists and sculptors of baroque period
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gentileschi--first female, caravaggio, Bernini (sculptor) and the ectstasy of St Theresa
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Leaders of the Counter-reformation (6)
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Paul III, Charles V, Philip II, Mary Tudor, Catherine de Medici, Ferdinand II
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Opponents of the Counter-reformation (4)
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Elizabeth Tudor, Protestant princes, William of Orange, Gustavus Adolphus
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Three Rs of Counter-reformation
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reaffirmation, reform, reconverstion
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Catholic attempts to re-convert Protestants and extend the faith (4)
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1) Baroque Art
2) Spanish and Roman Inquisitions to root out heretics 3) Index of Prohibited Books 4) Missionary orders (Las Casas, Xavier, Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits |
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Causes of the 30 Years' War (6)
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economics: protestant princes desired to keep/add territory
political: princes' autonomy religious: calvinism/anabaptism nationalism: dutch, swiss, Bohemia Foreign Policy Rivalry: Hapsburgs v Bourbons Earlier treaties: peace of Augsburg |
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Four Phases of the Thirty Years' War
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1) Bohemia: defenestration, battle of white mountain
2) Danish: Christian IV vs FII and Wallenstein, Edict of Restitution 3) Swedish: Gustavus Adolphus vs FII and Wallenstein, Edict repealed, ready for peace 4)FR: Louis XIII pay $ to Swedes, Germ prots to continue fighting, peasants die |
