Ap Euro

Front 1

Jacob Burckhardt

Back 1

-19th century swiss historian
-argued Renaissance made new secular/scientific values
-criticized for being overly exaggerative

Front 2

Renaissance

Back 2

-growing national consciousness, political centralization
-urban economy based on organized commerce/capitalism
-growing lay/secular control over thought, culture and religion

Front 3

Giovanni Boccaccio

Back 3

-Decameron:exposed sexual/economic misconduct; sympathetic look at human nature
-assembled encyclopedia of Greek/Roman mythology

Front 4

Florence social classes

Back 4

-Grandi: old rich
-popolo grosso: newly rich
-popolo minuto: low wealthy
-pauper: poor

Front 5

Ciompi Revolt

Back 5

-1378
-caused by feuding between wealthy, anarchy caused by Black Death, collapse of Bardi and Peruzzi bank houses
-chaotic four year reign by lower class

Front 6

Cosimo de' Medici

Back 6

-wealthiest Florentine/natural statesman
-worked behind the scenes:controlled constitution/elections
-created loyalty in the Signoria through relations with electors

Front 7

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Back 7

-grandson of Cosimo de' Medici
-totalitarian fashion of rule
-became cautious from brother's assassination

Front 8

Despots

Back 8

-known as podestá
-hired strongmen
-maintained law/order by whatever means
-held military, executive, and judicial authority
-subject to dismissal by oligarchies
-popular object of assassination

Front 9

Condottieri

Back 9

-military brokers
-provided despots with mercenaries

Front 10

Humanism

Back 10

-study of Latin/Greek classics and church fathers
-hopes of reviving ancient norms and values

Front 11

Studia Humanitatis

Back 11

-liberal arts program of study
-grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy

Front 12

Leonardo Bruni

Back 12

-gave the name 'humanitatis' to learning from such scholarly pursuits
-star student of Manuel Chrysoloras

Front 13

Manuel Chrysoloras

Back 13

-introduced Greek scholarship to Greek humanists by teaching in Florence

Front 14

Humanists

Back 14

-orators/poets
-wrote in classical/vernacular languages
-inspired by discovered works of ancients
-taught rhetoric in universities

Front 15

Petrarch

Back 15

-1304-1374
-father of humanism
-left legal profession to pursue letters and poetry
-mostly lived in Avignon
-involved in revolt in Rome
-served Visconti family in Milan
-letters of the Ancient Dead: celebrated ancient Rome
-Africa: tribute to Scipio Africanus
-lives of Illustrious Men: biographies of famous Roman men

Front 16

Dante

Back 16

-1265-1321
-Vita Nuova/Divine Comedy: fromed cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature

Front 17

Castiglione

Back 17

-Book of the Courtier: practical guide to be an ideal noble

Front 18

Platonism

Back 18

-flattering view of human nature
-distinguished between sphere of being and perishable world

Front 19

Pico della Mirandola

Back 19

-Oration on the Dignity of Man: humans could be whatever they chose/has unlimited potential

Front 20

Lorenzo Valla

Back 20

-educated in Latin/Greek
-devote Christian
-Elegances of the Latin Language
-made standard Latin for learning
-proved donation of Constantine to pope was fraud
-textual criticism

Front 21

Civic Humanism

Back 21

-education should promote individual virtue and public service

Front 22

Chiaroscuro

Back 22

-use of shading to enhance naturalness

Front 23

Giotto

Back 23

-father of Renaissance painting
-admired St. Francis of Assisi

Front 24

Leonardo da Vinci

Back 24

-master of many skills
-showed Renaissance ideal of the universal person
-advised Italian princes and Francis I on military engineering
-dissected corpses for anatomy
-foresaw many modern creations

Front 25

Raphael

Back 25

-kind/sensitive
-tender madonnas/fresco in Vatican
-The School of Athens

Front 26

Michelangelo

Back 26

-depressed all the time
-sculpted David
-Sistine frescos
-later works are different
-started mannerism
-always worried about $$$

Front 27

mannerism

Back 27

-putting feeling into art

Front 28

Treaty of Lodi

Back 28

-1454~1455
-allied Milan+Naples+Florence vs. Venice+Papal States
-could unite to fight foreign enemies

Front 29

Ludovico il Moro

Back 29

-despot of Milan
-went to France for help after being threatened by Naples,Florence,Pope Alexander VI

Front 30

diplomacy

Back 30

-made by small city-states
-spread during Italian wars
-interests of state above all else

Front 31

Machiavelli

Back 31

-Florentine~diplomat
-surprised when Italy was attacked
-wanted Italy to be orderly and politically strong in Europe
-The Prince (1513)
-supported dictatorship
-better feared than loved

Front 32

Johannes Gutenburg

Back 32

-German
-invented printing press with moveable type
-cheaper books
-created smarter society

Front 33

new monarch

Back 33

-tried to get power by taking away from nobles
-needed power over clergy
-made middle-class army and loyal officials, not lords, to important gov't positions
-strengthen borders/show military strength
-England,Spain,France,Portugal

Front 34

Henry VII

Back 34

-first Tudor king of England
-lived from land income/traditional fees than taxes
-avoided wars
-liked by the people~strengthened rules and monarchy

Front 35

Court of Star Chamber

Back 35

-made by Edward II
-used by Henry VII
-good way to control nobles
-got rid of nobles' intimidation by putting in king's judges/councilors

Front 36

Marriage of Ferdinand+Isabella

Back 36

-unified Spain
-nobles replaced by educated middle class~only monarchy held power
-Spanish Inquisition~drove off Muslims/Jews
-Spanish=Catholic

Front 37

Wycliffe & Huss

Back 37

-Oxford theologian
-wanted poor clergy
-clergy should receive accolades by merit
-condemned by pope
-preaching in vernacular/no indulgences
-ideas led by Huss in Bohemia~caused religious revolts

Front 38

Renaissance Popes

Back 38

-thought worldly issues more important
-involved in wars/politics
-appointed family members to be cardinals
-patrons of culture

Front 39

Charles VIII

Back 39

-VALOIS DYNASTY
-attacked Italy in 1494
-forced out
-made great debts
-brought Italian humanists to France through attacks

Front 40

Louis XII

Back 40

-VALOIS DYNASTY
-attacked Italy, captured Milan
-Father of the people
-reformed judicial system/reduced taxes

Front 41

Francis I

Back 41

-first French Renaissance king
-patron of arts
-man of letters
-liked humanism
-introduced Italian architecture to France

Front 42

Henry II

Back 42

-VALOIS DYNASTY
-married Catherine de Medici
-started Habsburg-Valois war against Charles V
-wanted to get into Italy but denied
-died at son's wedding

Front 43

Charles IX

Back 43

-son of Henry II
-VALOIS DYNASTY
-oversaw St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
-strongly influenced by mom/Guise family

Front 44

Henry III

Back 44

-VALOIS DYNASTY
-son of Henry II
-dealt with Huguenots/Catholics
-killed duke of Guise
-forced to work with Henry with Navarre (protestant) against Catholics
-killed by monk

Front 45

Henry IV

Back 45

-BOURBON DYNASTY
-brother in law of Henry III
-Huguenot leader
-converted to Catholicism
-Edict of Nantes
-popular
-planted seed for absolutism in France

Front 46

Henry VII

Back 46

-TUDOR FAMILY
-wins War of the Roses
-strengthens own power/gov't~weakened nobles
-Court of the Star Chamber (quick justice)

Front 47

Henry VIII

Back 47

-defender of the faith
-wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon
-made Church of England (Anglican Faith)
-very catholic protestantism

Front 48

Edward VI

Back 48

-heir to Henry VIII
-makes England protestant
-Archbishop Cranmer introduced Book of Common Prayer

Front 49

Mary I (BLOODY MARY)

Back 49

-Edward VI's half sister
-Catholic
-married Philip II (England hated foreigners)
-persecuted/killed Protestants
-weakened England through economic down-turn

Front 50

Elizabeth I

Back 50

-heir to Mary I
-last of the TUDORS
-39 articles
-compromised Anglicans and others
-strongest female monarch in Europe to date

Front 51

Ferdinand and Isabella

Back 51

-joined Castile and León with Aragon
-Inquisition to unify Spain
-started expeditions to spread Catholicism and gain power

Front 52

Charles I (Charles V)

Back 52

-first HABSBURG
-first ruler of a unified Spain
-more Austrian in language/custom
-more HRE than king
-son of Ferdinand/Isabella

Front 53

Philip II

Back 53

-HABSBURG
-ruled Spain,Portugal,Netherlands,Italian provinces, New World colonies
-ardent Catholic-more Spanish than dad
-loss of Spanish Armada in 1588

Front 54

Donatello

Back 54

-most influential Renaissance artist before Michelangelo
-revived figure of nude body
-David~first nude statue

Front 55

Marks of Italian Renaissance Architecture

Back 55

-classic order of columns
-domes
-arches
-balance/symmetry
-dominated churches,chapels,landed estates,gov't buildings

Front 56

Filippo Brunelleschi

Back 56

-great Italian architect
-Dome of Florence Cathedral

Front 57

Massaccio

Back 57

-first painter that started modern era of painting through scientific perspective

Front 58

Sir Thomas More

Back 58

-English
-Utopia~"social equality"
-private property=corruption
-man can be reformed
-introduced humanism to England
-killed by not recognizing Henry VIII as head of England Church

Front 59

Erasmus

Back 59

-Dutch
-criticized Church
-wanted simpler faith
-fine with Church doctrine
-In Praise of Folly~makes fun of/criticizes the Church
-supported education, wrote in Latin,Greek, and vernacular
-1516~published first NT in Greek
-humanist/priest
-saved religious education from Scholastics through reason

Front 60

Shakespeare

Back 60

-not religious
-set standard for English language

Front 61

Renaissance Art outside of Italy

Back 61

-more attached to Gothic/Middle Ages
-less patrons~less centers of commerce
-illustrated manuscripts over paintings
-Italians motivated by humanism
-others by religious reform
-distance from Rome~secular art/everyday scenes
-look of painting over perspective/anatomy

Front 62

Jan Van Eyck

Back 62

-Flemish
-well paid
-patron of Duke Philip of Burgundy

Front 63

Albrecht Dürer

Back 63

-German
-famous for metal/wood engravings

Front 64

Rembrandt

Back 64

-greatest Dutch painter
-famous for using realism/light and shading
-painted religious/everyday objects

Front 65

Dutch Society

Back 65

-toleration of religion/freedom
-very Protestant
-emphasized hard work
-wealthy
-center of trade/banking

Front 66

Pieter Bruegel

Back 66

-Flemish
-painted peasants/everyday life
-not poor
-"Peasant Pieter"