Ap Euro Vocab - Review #3

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the geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with church teachings and Scriptures.

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Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology

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1561-1626}inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth.

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Francis Bacon

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1473-1543 - Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny.

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Deism

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(1596-1650 - Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures.

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Rene Descarte

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The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices.

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Enlightenment

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(1564-1642)-Italian scientist who formulated terrestrial laws and the modern law of Inertia; he also provided evidence for the Copernican hypothesis.

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Galileo

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The economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith (1723-1790). In opposition to mercantilism, Smith urged governments to keep hands off the operation of the economy. He believed the role of government was analogous to the night watchman, guarding and protecting but not intervening in the operation of the economy, which must be left to run in accord with the natural laws of supply and demand.

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Laissez-faire

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(1642-1727 - English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating In accord with natural law.

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Isaac Newton

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Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.

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Philosophes

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Organized bodies for scientific study

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Royal Society of London and French Academy of Sciences

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John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

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Tabula rasa

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Crime and Punishment.

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Cesare Beccaria

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France prior to the French Revolution

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Ancien regime (Old Regime)

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Fees that peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop and winepress

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Banalities

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The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles

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Bastille

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List of grievances that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789.

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Cahier de doleances

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The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France.

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Code Napoleon

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The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.

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Committee of Public Safety

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Napoleon's arrangement with Pope Plus VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the government.

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Concordat (1801)

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Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

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Continental System

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Roadwork; an obligation of peasants to landowners.

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Corvees

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Overthrow of those in power

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Coup d'etat

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(1791) Austria and Prussia agreed to intervene in France to end the revolution with the unanimous agreement of the great powers.

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Declaration of Pillnitz

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August 27, 1789) - Document that embodied the liberal revolutionary Ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man end Citizen

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The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power.

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Directory (1795-1799)

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The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime.

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Estates General

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The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

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Great Fear

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The dominant group In the National Convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre.

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Jacobins

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The fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule.

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Law of the maximum

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The creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare.

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Levee en masse

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1769-1821) - Consul and later emperor of France (1799-1815), who established several of the reforms (Code Napoleon) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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date of the declaration by liberal noblemen of the National Assembly at a secret meeting to abolish the feudal regime in France.

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Night of August 4, 1789

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Law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king's edict.

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Parlement

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1808-1813) - Napoleon's long-drawn-out war with Spain.

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Peninsular War

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(1758-1794)-Jacobin leader during the Reign of Terror (1793-1794).

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Robespierre

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A reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men.

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Sans culottes

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A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt.

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Taille

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Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789).

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Tennis Court Oath

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(1807 - Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.

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Treaty of Tilsit