Water of crystallization

1) Important solubility characteristics for a solvent to be used in the crystallization of an organic solid that’s contaminated with impurities is that the organic solid should have low solubility at low temperatures in the solvent, but highly soluble at high temperatures. Also, the solvent should allow the impurities to be either completely soluble or completely insoluble at all temperatures. 2) One way to improve our percent recovery is by making a second crop of crystals by removing the solvent from the mother liquor, or crystallization filtrate, and then recrystallizing the resulting solid. One other way to minimize lost product is by placing our flask on a hot plate to preheat and keep it on there while the hot solution is being gravity…

This could be due to the crystallization of the higher melting fractions followed by the lower melting fractions or crystallization of a certain polymorphic form followed by its isothermal crystallization to a more stable form.…

Gas Hydrates are a crystalline solid formed of water and gas, the gas is mostly methane. It looks and acts much like ice. It is important to study gas hydrate because it is a potential source of energy for human survival in the future as there is a critical need for a cleaner and viable source of energy (Sun et al., 2011). .It was earlier speculated that gas hydrate is only found in space but later research showed that it can be found on almost every continent on the earth (Mongillo, 2011). Gas…

removed the water from the hydrates using heat. A hydrate is a compound in which water molecules are chemically bonded to another element or compound. The removal of the water from a hydrate leaves the anhydrate. To find the amount of water in the hydrate, the hydrate’s mass can be measured. Then the water can be removed from the hydrate and the substance can be measured again. Finally, the subtraction of the mass of the substance after heating from the mass of the hydrate can show how much…

point of 82°C and a 34 % yield. This seemed to be approximately 10 degrees less than the ideal melting point of 94°C, which could be interpreted as deficiency of purity. The infrared spectroscopy, support this reasoning because shows a peak at 3316.65 cm-1, that appears to be a residues of water. This means that during the drying of the crystals on the Hirsch funnel the procedure failed. We can also see on the infrared spectroscopy, peaks at 1656 cm-1 indicating the double bond between carbon…

Abstract The Purpose of experiment is to introduce the technique of crystallization, by following methods to purify the antibiotic sulfanilamide away from acetanilide. From the laboratory experiment, 0.51 g of impure sulfanilamide was at first measured and experienced in the crystallization procedure. Because of different steps of the experiment, the last mass of the crystal was 0.22g. This demonstrates the procedure decreased the underlying mass by 0.28g which mean the 43.13% recovery using…

Although, some seas may have greater concentration. For instance, the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake have a much higher salt concentration. First, the concentration level is raised to 25.8% NaCI after going through the condensers, which are heat transferring device that converts vapor into liquid. The reason for the conversion is to later be easily able to remove any impurities in the mixed water solution through the process of crystallization. Second, through the sun and wind’s energy, salt…

HYPOTHESIS: As the ice cubes melt in the warm water, the melted water from the ice should flow towards the bottom of the cup because the melted colder water is denser than the surrounding water. PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to improve my ability to observe an experiment. In addition, it will help aid me in making proper observations while also drawing conclusions. RAW MATERIALS: Clover Valley food color and egg dye blue food coloring contains FD&C Blue #1…

types of water, the history of water purification, and the supercooling process, one could find different types of articles and videos that explained everything very thoroughly. All of the authors and websites had given a much better idea of the topic of supercooling. To fully understand the supercooling one must understand different types of waters. The purpose for this paper is to understand the water types, the history of water purification, and the topic of supercooling. To accomplish this…

ideal solvent we prepared two test tubes. Test tube #1 containing 0.106g of unknown and 3mL of water, it was well mixed. At room temperature water dissolved a small amount of the solute while boiling hot it was able to dissolve the solid but some impurities remained…