Turkey

Populations of cities plummeted. With no strict ruler, a new political system emerged out of the discord, feudalism. Feudalism is a political system where outlying peasants will work for a central lord in return for their safety and for land. Manorialism was a part of feudalism where there would be one central ‘manor’ where the lord would reside and the outlying lands, his fiefs, would be held by his people. With this political change, many new cultural changes occurred as a result. The…

The PSI being inspired by Bolshevik party’s seizure of power in Russia adopted this policy of revolution and made the decision to join the Comintern (the communist international, a Moscow-based organisation, its aims were to co-ordinate and control the activities of national communist parties). Now not committed to a socialist republic and the dictatorship of the proletariat, the socialist party organised numerous strikes, protests and demonstrations in Italy. It attracted massive publicity too,…

Rosslare Harbour is situated near the south-eastern-most tip of Ireland. Since the early 20th century, Rosslare Harbour has served as a hub of transport activity between Ireland and Wales, largely due to its shipping and railway links. Now known as Rosslare Europort, the harbour has regular links to and from Fishguard and Pembroke in Wales while French links include Roscoff and Cherbourg. Rosslare Europort is the country’s second busiest port for passenger traffic while its freight traffic is…

Similarly many academics have theorized about the role to which Islam played in the ethnic and nationalist formations of the Kurds. In his essay “The Impact of Islam on Kurdish Identity in the Middle East,” Hakan Ozoglu argues that Kurdish identity evolved through various, overlapping phases with Islam at the core of its formation process, a process he calls “dialectical, dialogical, and monological” (18). First, while the term “Kurd” was not ethnically associated with the modern term Kurd,…

Decline of Public Support for Humanitarian Intervention One of the key differences when it comes to Libya and Syria is how western public perception of humanitarian intervention has shifted. In the few short months following NATO intervention in Libya, support for humanitarian intervention in the United States (US) shrunk substantially and in a democratic country taking unpopular moves like promoting another intervention is likely a prominent concern domestically. US President Barack Obama…

The only way to defeat ISIS is a two-part solution: one being a short-term militaristic approach, and the other a long-term bottom-up approach; “two fundamental problems must be addressed concurrently; first, the effective control of violence […] and, second, the rebuilding of cooperative relationships […] to promote peace building” (Hansen, Ramsbotham and Woodhouse 2004, 10). A full scale attack on ISIS areas, both on the ground and in the air, will not only show ISIS that their behavior will…

The general argument made by author Liza Sly in her work, “8 reasons Europe’s refugee crisis is happening now”, is that Syrian refugees are fleeing the violence primarily due to 8 factors currently in play . More specifically, Sly argues that a massive war in Syria, as well as other factors in play are causing the greatest exodus since the last world war. She writes, “An upsurge in conflicts worldwide has fueled record levels of displacement worldwide in recent years.”(Sly 1) In this passage,…

Syria used to be a peaceful country. Now it’s a warzone with blood on the streets and people losing their homes and families. Therefore, Syrian refugees should be accepted in European countries for the sake of humanity, save them from the nomadic life, and promise them a bright future for their children. “Humanity” is a big word it has a big meaning which has the power to change the world. Which is lost now when I heard about Syria. Former home residents express in their interview that, “People…

The Byzantine Empire was a powerful entity, and Constantinople, the city from which the emperor ruled, was known as the "largest, finest, and wealthiest metropolis of the known world" (p.9). The empire lasted for more than 1000 years and was governed by many dynasties throughout its existence. Herrin's work focuses on three empresses who influenced the Byzantine Empire during their reigns: Irene, Euphrosyne, and Theodora. These women contributed to different areas of Byzantine society, but their…

The main idea of Selim Deringil's article is to determine how Ottoman Empire, like the Habsburgs and Romanovs, tried to transform itself from a dynastic empire to a modern citizen-based state during the nineteenth century. He mentions the rising prestige of the national idea among these monarchies and how this idea leaded them to create an "empire nationalism". According to Deringil, that was the point when the public image of the state became a necessity to constitute an "Ottoman citizenry".…