Left ventricle

defect in adults. Pulmonary stenosis is the deciding factor in determining the severity of the defect. Mild pulmonary stenosis would result in left to right shunting and no cyanosis, whereas severe pulmonary stenosis would restrict flow to the lungs resulting in right to left shunting with a degree of cyanosis. Newborns show signs of cyanosis at birth and if left untreated, half will die by age 6. But that does not have to happen. With long developed techniques and technology, patients with…

The chambers include the right and left atrium as well as the right and left ventricle. The atrium receives blood from the venous system while the ventricles pump blood into the arterial system. These pumps are able to provide circulation out to the pulmonary (right pump) and systemic system (left pump). When conducting this lab experiment, it is important to be familiar with an electrocardiogram. An electrocardiogram…

accords with a higher cardiac output that is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. At high work rate, cardiac output (amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute) composed by the product of stroke volume (amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat) and heart rate can reach up to 90% of theoretical maximum value as well as having moderate to high increases in blood pressure. (Burton et al., 2004). Cardiac output tends to increase proportionately with exercise intensity and…

Fetal circulation differs greatly from that of a newborn heart. Although, outwardly appearances may seem similar. By taking an internal look we may be able to distinguish four adaptations that fetal hearts undergo while in utero. First, we must understand that the fetus receives all blood and nutrients from the parental placenta. The fetus receives this blood from the placenta through the umbilical vein. This is the first adaptation that we see in the fetal cardiovascular circulatory system.…

Everyone knows regular, daily exercise is beneficial to the heart. It helps reduce the risk of heart disease, maintains a healthy body weight, lowers blood pressure, and improves cholesterol. A difference of appearance can be identified between the hearts of people who exercise routinely and those of highly trained athletes. Athletic hearts undergo cardiac remodeling of chambers and physiological changes as a result of extreme conditions placed on the heart over a long period of time. The heart…

The Anatomy of the Mitral Valve The mitral valve, also called the left bicuspid atrioventricular valve, is located in the left side of the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle. In relation to the sternum, the mitral valve is positioned posteriorly and is at the height of the 4th costal cartilage of the rib cage (Moore, Dalley and Agur, 2014). The valve is composed of two cusps, the anterior and the posterior cusps, which are held in place by chordae tendinous cords (Snell, R.S.…

there can be effects from mechanical ventilation even on patients considered “healthy subjects”. Mechanical ventilation can cause a fall in the aortic flow and systolic blood pressure. Reasons for the fall in the blood pressure include: a decrease in left ventricular preload, a decreased right ventricular preload, an increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PBR), right ventricular afterload, and ventricular interdependence. Aortic pressures in cardiac output decrease at a fast rate during…

two types of Heart failure namely Left sided and right sided heart failure. According to Moore & Roth (2015), left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle failed to pump proficiently. It prevents the body from receiving adequate oxygen-rich blood. The blood backs up into the lungs causing fluid to build up and causes shortness of breath. ventricular septal defect cardiomyopathy, anterior myocardial infarction cardiac tamponade, etc. are causes of left-sided heart failure. Right-sided…

Describe the pathophysiology of left-sided heart failure. The left side of the heart supplies oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation. When there is a left-sided heart failure, the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for oxygenated blood. There is also increased pressure in the atrium which in turn also causes elevated pressure in the lungs that results in pulmonary congestion and edema. Episodes of pulmonary edema usually occur at night. 2. Which of the clinical…

The measures that are to be taken are use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), left ventricle function (LVF) assessment, smoking cessation counseling, and discharge instructions. The one I personally found most important was the discharge teaching. I thought this measure was the one that could help the patient identify…