Grandfather clause

A second academic study from the New York University Journal Of Legislation & Public Policy discusses a 2008 Supreme Court case, Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, which dealt with photo I.D. laws in Indiana. This Supreme Court had a majority of conservative members, who had been appointed by Republican Presidents, and ruled to uphold a strict photo identification law. Since the decision, fourteen additional states decided to enact a photo identification requirement. Moreover, the…

Many different types of discrimination and racial separation occurred in the early 1860’s through the late 1960’s. Many took action to either support or go against these types of events therefore, leading to address these issues. There were different types of ways the discrimination and racial separation was taken into action. These events included the Jim Crow Laws, Klu Klux Klan, the Plessy v. Ferguson, and Lynching Mobs in America. The Jim Crow Laws were local and state laws enforcing racial…

Since the mid-19th century, the Civil Rights movement has had a profound impact on societal ideals which have created policies that promote and protect diversity and inclusion in the United States. It was through the combination of non-violent protests and civil disobedience that policymakers and other government officials expanded on the rights that protect all citizens of the United States. Unfortunately, there are still ongoing battles till this day for certain groups who are not represented…

African- Americans, gained freedom, but just like women and immigrants they did not receive equal rights to those of men until the twentieth century. Voting was never an option for these three groups. They were always facing problems such as sexism, stereotyping and racism, people expected very little from them making them the most vulnerable groups in the country. They knew very little because they were not expected to get an education. The industrial revolution gave them work in the cities of…

As the only dissenting opinion in the ruling, Justice Johns Marshall Harlan, he agreed with Plessy that the act was in fact in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment by imposing a badge of servitude. Harlan was an individual who decried the views of the Ku Klux Klan—white supremacy. Harlan went on to note “Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most…

In nineteenth century America, slavery was a colossal source of tension and discord. Many southern Democrats based their livelihoods on the very existence of slavery. In the early 1800’s, the Abolition of the Slave Trade made it illegal for anyone to import slaves from outside of the United States. Furthermore, the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 rebooted the economic preeminence of slavery in the United States. Cotton was becoming a crucial cash crop in these newly inherited western territories, and…

Healthcare reform, a subject that has long been needed and discussed at every level, from the kitchen table to the tables of law makers and decision makers, and no one has yet reached a perfect solution. Not only does the reform in healthcare have to cover all Americans, but it also has to do it affordably, comprehensively and ethically. In 2010 the Obama administration introduced the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) to address the issue of medical coverage for all Americans…

In recent years, the voting process has become more difficult, with the proliferation of voting ID laws throughout the United States and the shortening of early voting periods. These laws have been aimed at curbing voting fraud, but they have instead limited many Americans from participating in the sacred American principle of voting. Many believe that these laws not only infringes upon one’s political freedom, but on political equality for all citizens. To prevent the increased voting…

Was it twenty? Was it two hundred? Or were there just enough African American carcasses to clog the river in Wilmington, NC. There is no exact answer to that question. Two days after the election of 1898 many African Americans were slaughtered, exiled, and those who remained in Wilmington were subjected to inhumane treatment. White supremacy leaders of the Democratic party carefully planned to upheave the Populist and Fusion leadership so that white supremacy could regain power. Timothy B. Tyson…

Civil rights were an extremely controversial aspect of American domestic policy after the Civil War. The need for legislation protecting and ensuring te rights of African Americans was evident to many, but some still resisted integration and fought to keep the country segregated. The John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier and Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society are reflective of this rift between the two divides and can both be attributed to aiding the civil rights movement. However, the two programs were…