Fasciola hepatica

(mectins) • Amino-Acetonitrile Derivative – Monepantel (Zolvix) (new drench group) (Sheep Worms: Signs, Management Plan, Control, & Drenching, 2015) Narrow Spectrum and Minor Classes • Organophsphate compounds ~ Naphthalophos which is active against adult stages of the gastrointestinal nematodes only. ~ Naphthalophos works by stopping the removal of acetylcholine from muscle cells and cause contraction. • Salicyalnilides and substituted phenols ~ Closantel is only effective against bloodsucking parasites. ~ Oxyclozanide is only available in a drench that is mixed with levamisole. • Triclabendazole ~ A most effective drench against immature flukes. ~ Is a benzimidazole which does not affect nematodes. ~ It kills liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (N.C. Sangster, 2007) Combination of Drenches The combination of drenches use the mixture of : • A BZ and levamisole • Albendazole and closantel (N.C. Sangster, 2007) Active Ingredients of Drenches for Sheep Most of the active ingredients in the drenches are of the chemical classes as below: • Benzimidazoles e.g. albendazole, febantel, fenbendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole and ricobendazole • Imidazothiazoles e.g. tetramisole and levamisole • Isoquinolines e.g. praziquantel • Macrocyclic lactones e.g. ivermectin, moxidectin and doramectin • Salicylanilides e.g. oxyclozanide, rafoxanide, niclosamide and closantel • Tetrahydropyrimidines e.g. pyrantel and morantel • Others e.g. monepantel (P.Junquera, 2015) Spectrum…