Cytogenetics

genetic mutation, discuss why the parent and grandparents are phenotypically unaffected and the likelihood that L.A.’s unborn child will be affected. Genetic Mutation Fragile-X-associated mental retardation syndrome is a syndrome distinguished by a cytogenetic mutation of the X chromosome with repeat expansion of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) on the FMR1 gene…

Paul and by Dr. Ellen Vitetta and her examination bunch in 1982. The nucleotide succession for human IL-4 was secluded four years after the fact affirming its similitude to a mouse protein called B-cell stimulatory component 1 (BCSF-1). Cytogenetic Location: 5q31.1 Molecular Location on chromosome 5: base pairs 132,673,986 to 132,682,678 (Homo sapiens Annotation Release 107, GRCh38.p2) The IL4 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 5 at position 31.1.…

Abstract Chronic myelogenous leukemia also known as chronic granulocytic leukemia or CML, was the first cancer to be clearly linked to a genetic abnormality as the primary cause of oncogene formation. This bone marrow stem cell disorder is associated with a chromosomal translocation, which leads to the formation of an oncogenic protein. This translocation and oncogenic protein is then responsible for inhibiting DNA repair and the enhancing the susceptibility of further genetic abnormalities.…

Change for a Longer Life Span Not a Better Span of Life. Everyone has different beliefs and thoughts about genetically modified organisms. Many believe that it is okay as long as the individuals ends up better than they were while others believe that an infant child should not be altered for any reason. What if a change in their genome can cause them to be immune to certain diseases, or even help cognitively with dyslexia? Would people still be opposed to something that can help an individual…

Cancer is a big issue in America, it is the second leading cause of death. It affects many different ranges of people whether it is there age, race, and ethnicity. “Pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence rates out of 1,000,000 for ages 0-19 in 2006-2010 for sex and race/ethnicity; 38.4 for boys, 30.2 for girls, 34.2 for non-hispanic white, 18.3 for non-hispanic black, 44.9 for hispanic, and 28.7 for asian american/pacific islander” (American Cancer Society, 2014). Pediatric oncology is…

every week, around 1 in 3600 boys and in 4000 – 6000 girls suffers this syndrome with the higher severity in boys. Position of the causative gene for FXS named fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) was found at the diagnostic fragile site – cytogenetic position Xq27.3 after being cloned in 1991 (Verkerk et al., 1991). The most encountered mutation in FXS diagnosis is the repetition of a trinucleotide complex CGG in the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) of FMR1. The usual length…

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood (“Major Functions,” n.d.). Leukemia is a malignant cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects this system and involves an abnormal growth of white blood cells (McGlaufin, Munger, and Nelson, 2015). Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a subtype of this disease and is most common in older adults, specifically males 65 and older (Turbeville, 2014). In AML, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells…

The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, in Laurel Hollow, New York, is now one of the première non-profit, biological research institutes, specializing in cancer, quantitative biology, neuroscience, and genomics. It has advanced from a school that primarily trained high school and college teachers, to a key developer in molecular genetics and biology, as well as an institution that emphasizes educating the new generation of scientists and the public. According to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory…

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that is formed by malignant plasma cells. To explain what a plasma cell is, let’s start by talking about lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are one of the main types of cells that make up the immune system. A lymphocyte further differentiates into B cells and T cells. B cells mature and transform into plasma cells. This type of cell makes antibodies (immunoglobulins) that respond to infection by attacking and killing germs. Unlike lymphocytes that are found in many…

Throughout history animals have been used for research. In 258 BC, a Greek physician and scientist named Aristotle did experiments on living animals. The experiments that Aristotle did was never for medical research. Instead it was to gain knowledge about animals. However in 199 AD another Greek physician named Galen did animal experiments, but only to advance his understanding for science. Also, during the twelfth century there was an Arab physician named Zuhr that did animal experiments for…