Apparent magnitude

It is important to acknowledge that without the critical state, interesting phenomena cannot occur. The non-critical state is at equilibrium, where Gibb’s free energy is equal to zero, and there are no avalanches. Therefore, the critical state is not at equilibrium, this is only an illusion society sees as a result of the nature of self-organized critical systems. During the intermittent periods between avalanches, society cannot detect any changes, so it is assumed that nothing is happening,…

ES AT1 2017 Case Study: Christchurch Earthquake Part A: Analysis of Event Analysis of the tectonic movement or process involved The Christchurch earthquake in 2011 was a result of a transform boundary. Transform boundaries are when two separate plates slide past each other in their movement. During this process of movement, lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. Many of these transform boundaries are found on the seafloor. This slide of plates can often lead to major earthquakes. In…

1.1 Introduction to Landslide A landslide is a geological phenomenon, which includes a wide range of ground movements, such as deep or shallow failure slopes and rock falls. See figure 1.1. 1.1.1 Factors influence Landslides Landslides occur when the stability of the slope turns from the stable state to unstable state. Most of the Landslides usually cause depend on two main factors: (i) Natural Factors and (ii) Anthropogenic Factors. (USSG, 2004) (i) Natural Factors (a) Geological…

distance of the earthquake. The main function of a seismologist is to locate the source, nature, and magnitude of a seismic event. Recently, there has been a discovery regarding the Ancient Temples. The temples that are in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, India fall within the Kashmir seismic gap of the Northwest Himalaya range. This area has the potential to produce earthquakes of a 7.5 magnitude or larger. As stated in the article, the type of damage sustained by temples clustered…

were greatly impacted by the 6.3 magnitude earthquake that shook the entire town and surrounding areas in 2009. After this, many of the residents in these areas took comfort in the idea that it happened once, and it wouldn 't happen again. But when houses began to shake at 3:36 A.M. on August 24th, 2016 disaster struck once again. Though this earthquake was not as large as the previous one, the magnitude 6.2 was followed by almost 200 aftershocks, with magnitudes up to 5.5 (Povoledo, 2016). To…

design of this report is to show the is to show the written report of an earthquake occurring either on the San Andreas Fault Line or the Hayward Fault Line. Designing bridges and seeing if the bridge that was built to survive an earthquake with the magnitude of 5.0-8.0 for Hayward and for San Andreas 5.0-9.0 the power of these earthquakes have the power to destroy lots of things at once. Some earthquakes are not noticeable but it 's the fact that earthquakes are so powerful that it can go…

Many theories are suspected of being the cause of the fall of these civilizations. When comparing the political, social and economic effects that led to the fall of these civilizations, there are many similarities and differences. Agriculture may have been the cause because it had much impact on these empires. Some experts say that the drying up of the Saraswati River may have been the main cause of the fall of the Indus Valley. Others experts say there may have been a flood in the…

The Alaskan way Viaduct will collapse if an earthquake happens, but that earthquake will take many steps. These steps will got through the layers of the earth. The layers are stacked on top of eachother, like the liquids in the “Density Column lab”. The layers are inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, and lithosphere(upper rigid mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust). The earth's compositional layers are inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The inner core radiates…

underground. Most faults are found on the surface making them easier to analyze for any activity. Microseismic earthquakes (magnitude less than 1.0 to about 2.0), measured by seismographs but not felt by humans, occur on average every other day in this zone, on average around 200 microseismic earthquakes…

Earthquake Brace & Bolt Program in California The moment an earthquake hits, older homes, in particular, have a higher risk encountering more damage. Whenever the ground trembles their foundations wobble, causing the upper half of the property to slip and collapse. To lessen the structural damage caused by earthquakes, it’s a good idea to have the home retrofitted through the Earthquake Brace & Bolt Program. What’s the Earthquake Brace & Bolt Program? The Earthquake Brace & Bolt Program, or the…