Schusterguide - Ch02 - Marine Ecology

Front 1

how many catalogued marine species are there

Back 1

250,000

Front 2

why are there fewer marine species than land species

Back 2

less variable conditions in ocean

Front 3

most life is found on or above what geographic feature

Back 3

continental margin

Front 4

why is upwelling good for life

Back 4

brings up nutrients and dissolved gases

Front 5

why is productive temperate water yellow-green

Back 5

high densities of life and organic matter

Front 6

zone of water with detectable amounts of light

Back 6

photic zone

Front 7

zone of water extending from surface to the compensation depth (zone of most photosynthesis); range

Back 7

euphotic zone; 0-100 m

Front 8

depth where the rates of plant respiration and photosynthesis are equal, so the net primary productivity is zero

Back 8

compensation depth

Front 9

depth above which the total respiration equals the total photosynthesis

Back 9

critical depth

Front 10

zone where photosynthesis is rare, but light is detected; range

Back 10

disphotic zone; 100-1000 m

Front 11

depth zone without light; range

Back 11

aphotic zone; 1000+ m

Front 12

type of shore with the most species diversity

Back 12

rocky shore

Front 13

what percent of marine species live in the benthic environment

Back 13

98%

Front 14

ocean floor

Back 14

benthic environment

Front 15

sea floor on the continental shelf and shore

Back 15

subneritic province

Front 16

area of shore just above the high tide line that is covered with water during storms

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supralittoral zone [spray zone]

Front 17

area of shore between low and high tides

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littoral zone [foreshore]

Front 18

region extending from low tide line to the shelf break (200 m)

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sublittoral zone

Front 19

benthic regions of the suboceanic province; depth ranges

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bathyal zone (200-4000 m), abyssal zone (4000-6000 m), hadal zone (6000+ m)

Front 20

which has more biomass: benthic or pelagic environment

Back 20

pelagic environment

Front 21

open water above 200 m

Back 21

neritic province

Front 22

open water below the shelf break (200+ m)

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oceanic province

Front 23

sections of the pelagic environment by depth; depth ranges

Back 23

epipelagic (0-200 m), mesopelagic (200-1000 m), bathypelagic (1000-4000 m), abyssopelagic (4000-6000 m), hadopelagic (6000+ m)

Front 24

depth at which oxygen production is equal to oxygen consumption

Back 24

oxygen compensation depth

Front 25

depth with a maximum amount of nutrients

Back 25

nutricline

Front 26

depth of dissolved oxygen minimum

Back 26

700-1000 m

Front 27

daily mass movement of organisms up and down in the open ocean; 2 possible causes

Back 27

diel/vertical migration; food, reproduction

Front 28

layer of many organisms that reflects sonar, producing false depth recordings

Back 28

deep scattering layer

Front 29

how deep is the deep scattering layer during the: day; night

Back 29

900 m; 100-200 m

Front 30

what pelagic zone contains most of the bioluminescent organisms

Back 30

mesopelagic zone

Front 31

3 layers of lakes by density

Back 31

epilimnion, pycnocline, hypolimnion

Front 32

group of interbreeding individuals that is reproductively isolated from other similar groups

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species

Front 33

group of individuals of one species in a particular area

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population

Front 34

members of multiple species living in an area and interacting

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community

Front 35

all the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of an area that interact

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ecosystem

Front 36

transition or interface between two different ecosystems

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ecotone

Front 37

collection of similar ecosystems with similar climates

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biome

Front 38

classification of organisms based on where they get their energy from

Back 38

trophic levels

Front 39

3 basic trophic classifications

Back 39

producers, consumers, decomposers

Front 40

mostly bacteria, these heterotrophs break down organic compounds from waste or dead organisms into inorganic compounds to get energy

Back 40

decomposers

Front 41

diagram of all energy flow between organisms of a community

Back 41

food web

Front 42

simplified linear diagram of energy flow from producer to final consumer

Back 42

food chain

Front 43

process of bacteria decomposing detritus and then being eaten by consumers

Back 43

microbial loop

Front 44

dependent biological relationship between two organisms that one or both of them need to survive

Back 44

symbiosis

Front 45

3 types of symbiosis

Back 45

mutualism (+ +), commensalism (+ 0), parasitism (+ –)

Front 46

mutualistic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria or algae

Back 46

lichen

Front 47

species that has a large impact on an ecosystem, so if its population is altered, it will affect many other species

Back 47

keystone species

Front 48

oppurtunistic species that have high birth rates

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r-selected species

Front 49

equilibrium species that have low birth rates but are competitive

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K-selected species

Front 50

maximum population that can be supported by an environment

Back 50

carrying capacity (K)

Front 51

typical inhabitants of hydrothermal vent communities

Back 51

giant clams, giant tube worms, mussels, white crabs

Front 52

many hydrothermal vent organisms, such as tube worms, have symbiotic relationships with what organism

Back 52

archaeabacteria

Front 53

what 2 chemicals can archaebacteria use for chemosynthesis

Back 53

methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Front 54

shallow body of water partially or completely isolated from the open ocean by a barrier island or a coral reef

Back 54

lagoon

Front 55

long, narrow, shallow, hypersaline lagoon off the coast of Texas that has the opposite of normal estuarine circulation

Back 55

Laguna Madre

Front 56

ecosystem with brackish water (17 ppt) that forms where a river meets the ocean

Back 56

estuary

Front 57

partially submerged, sheltered shore area with lots of plant life

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wetland

Front 58

how are wetlands beneficial to humans

Back 58

control floods, reduce erosion, remove pollutants from runoff

Front 59

2 types of wetland; latitude ranges

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salt marsh (30-65), mangrove swamp (0-30)

Front 60

root structure of mangrove trees that provides a home for organisms and collects sediment, which can result in the formation of a new island

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mangal

Front 61

tubular extensions from a mangrove tree's horizontal roots that pop above the water’s surface and provide oxygen for the buried roots

Back 61

pneumatophores [mangrove knees]

Front 62

roots that extend from a mangrove's trunk and prop it up and give it oxygen

Back 62

aerial/prop roots

Front 63

largest area of mangrove swamps in North America with mostly red mangroves

Back 63

Everglades, Florida

Front 64

largest mangrove ecosystem in the world

Back 64

Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, India

Front 65

ecosystem seaward of a salt marsh that lacks macroscopic plant life

Back 65

mudflat

Front 66

algae adapted to grow on sediment in mudflats (includes diatoms and dinoflagellates)

Back 66

epipsammic algae

Front 67

remains of marsh plants that get buried under barrier islands and can harvested by humans to burn

Back 67

peat deposits

Front 68

marine ecosystem with the greatest species diversity

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coral reef

Front 69

what is the minimum temperature required for coral reefs to survive

Back 69

18 C

Front 70

calcium carbonate exoskeletons secreted by coral polyps

Back 70

corallites

Front 71

zone of a coral reef above 20 m

Back 71

buttress zone

Front 72

are the following quantities high or low in a coral reef: light transmittance; nutrients

Back 72

high; low

Front 73

who proposed the stages of development of coral reefs

Back 73

Charles Darwin

Front 74

youngest stage of a reef that closely borders the shore

Back 74

fringing reef

Front 75

intermediate stage of a reef with a lagoon separating the reef from land

Back 75

barrier reef

Front 76

longest reef in the world; how long

Back 76

Great Barrier Reef, Australia; 2000 km

Front 77

oldest stage of a reef caused by the complete submersion of an island, resulting in a circular reef with a lagoon in the middle

Back 77

atoll

Front 78

unusually deep lagoon in an atoll east of Belize that is good for diving

Back 78

Great Blue Hole

Front 79

2 shoreline habitats

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rocky shore, sandy shore

Front 80

most common carbon-containing compound in the ocean

Back 80

bicarbonate

Front 81

calcium (Ca+2) is combined with carbonate ions (CO3-2)to make calcium carbonate for a shell

Back 81

calcification

Front 82

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to other compounds, such as ammonia (NH3)

Back 82

nitrogen fixation

Front 83

exampe of organisms that do nitrogen fixation

Back 83

cyanobacteria

Front 84

conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-) or nitrite (NO2-)

Back 84

nitrification

Front 85

where are most fisheries found

Back 85

upwelling regions above non-tropical shelves

Front 86

top 3 fishing nations

Back 86

China, Peru, USA

Front 87

amount of fish that can be harvested while still maintaining a safe number of fish to reproduce

Back 87

maximum sustainable yield

Front 88

rate of young fish becoming adults

Back 88

recruitment rate

Front 89

unwanted fish or other animals unintentionally caught by fishers

Back 89

bycatch [incidental catch]

Front 90

what organism was once used to locate schools of tuna

Back 90

dolphin

Front 91

a long line with many hooks is dragged through the water with floats

Back 91

long-line fishing

Front 92

a net is drawn around a school of fish and the mesh size depends on target fish

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purse seine fishing

Front 93

dragging a net along the sea floor in order to get demersal and benthic organisms

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trawling

Front 94

invisible net that fish swim through and get caught in

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gillnet/driftnet

Front 95

fishing method where a person squirts a toxic substance on reef fish to stun them and take them for aquariums

Back 95

cyanide fishing

Front 96

fishing method where an explosive is used to stun fish in the area

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dynamite fishing

Front 97

excrement from birds that is high in phosphorus and nitrogen, so it is used in fertilizer

Back 97

guano

Front 98

rearing fish eggs in hatcheries, then releasing the young fish into the sea (type of mariculture)

Back 98

ocean ranching

Front 99

cultivation of a single species; cultivation of many species to increase self-sufficiency of the system

Back 99

monoculture; polyculture

Front 100

does biodiversity give a good measure of the health of an ecosystem

Back 100

yes

Front 101

large abundance of harmful dinoflagellates that secrete toxins

Back 101

red tide

Front 102

deadly neurotoxin produced by some dinoflagellate species that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning

Back 102

saxitoxin

Front 103

algal bloom that starts when light becomes available; algal bloom that starts when nutrients become available

Back 103

spring bloom; fall bloom

Front 104

area of water with low oxygen because it has been used by decomposers to decompose algal blooms

Back 104

dead zone

Front 105

location of the most prominent dead zone in the US that forms annually and grows bigger each year

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Mississippi river mouth

Front 106

gas produced by plants at the ocean’s surface that causes the characteristic smell of the sea

Back 106

dimethyl sulfide (DMS)

Front 107

introduction of man-made substances or energy that harm the environment

Back 107

pollution

Front 108

the input of excess nutrients into a body of water which leads to high productivity

Back 108

eutrophication

Front 109

reduction of nutrient availability which leads to low productivity

Back 109

oligotrophication

Front 110

determination of the concentration of pollutants that harm marine life

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bioassay

Front 111

method of using microorganisms to help clean up pollution

Back 111

bioremediation

Front 112

the ratio of energy obtained by a given trophic level to the amount of energy available to that trophic level

Back 112

ecological efficiency

Front 113

average ecological efficiency

Back 113

10%

Front 114

one generation of a population or a group of individuals born together

Back 114

cohort

Front 115

breakdown of organic materials into inorganic forms of elements that can be done by decomposers or other processes

Back 115

mineralization

Front 116

2 most productive marine ecosystems

Back 116

estuaries and wetlands

Front 117

most productive marine, non-coastal ecosystem

Back 117

coral reef

Front 118

rate of production of organic matter by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis in a certain place in a given amount of time

Back 118

gross primary productivity

Front 119

gross primary productivity minus the rate of cellular respiration done by the producers that produce the organic matter

Back 119

net primary productivity

Front 120

for positive net primary productivity to occur, where should the mixing depth of nutrients be in relation to the critical depth

Back 120

above the critical depth

Front 121

rate of accumulation of consumer biomass

Back 121

secondary productivity

Front 122

number of organisms or biomass present in an area or volume at a given time

Back 122

standing stock/crop

Front 123

movement of carbon and other nutrients from the euphotic zone to deeper water and deep sediment; percent accumulation

Back 123

biological pump; 1%

Front 124

why are the centers of gyres like deserts (low productivity)

Back 124

low nutrient availability

Front 125

substance that accumulates in shellfish, is produced by certain diatom species, and causes amnesic shellfish poisoning

Back 125

domoic acid

Front 126

what film was inspired by the abnormal effects of domoic acid on birds

Back 126

The Birds

Front 127

seafood poisoning caused by eating reef fish with dinoflagellate toxins in them

Back 127

ciguatera

Front 128

genus of dinoflagellate responsible for massive fish kills, especially off the coast of NC

Back 128

Pfiesteria

Front 129

how deep was the deepest fish captured

Back 129

7230 m

Front 130

column of rotating water similar to an eddy that traps nutrients and plankton above a seamount due to deflection of a current

Back 130

Taylor column