Schusterguide - Ch06 - Ocean Chemistry And Composition

Front 1

intermolecular dipole-dipole forces formed between hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and oxygen atoms of the other

Back 1

hydrogen bonds

Front 2

resistance of the thin outer layer of water to break or stretch

Back 2

surface tension

Front 3

any attractive intermolecular force, including dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonds, and London dispersion forces

Back 3

Van der Waals forces

Front 4

water molecules sticking to each other; water sticking to a container

Back 4

cohesion; adhesion

Front 5

due to adhesion and cohesion, water pulls itself to great heights in small-diameter tubes

Back 5

capillary action [capillarity]

Front 6

the resistance of a fluid to flow

Back 6

viscosity

Front 7

which is more viscous: saltwater or freshwater; cold water or warm water

Back 7

saltwater; cold water

Front 8

gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces for a particular object in a certain fluid

Back 8

Reynold's number

Front 9

an instrument that measures viscosity by turning a wheel and measuring the torque required to turn it at a certain speed

Back 9

viscometer

Front 10

the energy of moving particles

Back 10

heat

Front 11

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1°C

Back 11

calorie

Front 12

which has a higher specific heat capacity: seawater or pure water

Back 12

pure water

Front 13

amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C

Back 13

heat capacity [specific heat]

Front 14

which heats and cools faster: land or water

Back 14

land

Front 15

energy required to break bonds and change the state of the substance, which is not accompanied by a change in temperature

Back 15

latent heat

Front 16

the change of phase of water from liquid to gas without reaching its boiling point, which occurs when some water molecules get an above-average amount of energy

Back 16

evaporation

Front 17

process of the solvent molecules surrounding the dissolved particles; what's this called when water is the solvent

Back 17

solvation; hydration

Front 18

physical properties different for a solution than for a pure substance

Back 18

colligative properties

Front 19

at what temperature does seawater freeze

Back 19

-2°C

Front 20

4 basic colligative properties

Back 20

boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure

Front 21

the movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration

Back 21

diffusion

Front 22

diffusion of water

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osmosis

Front 23

elements with different numbers of neutrons

Back 23

isotopes

Front 24

hydrogen isotope with a proton and a neutron; hydrogen isotope with a proton and 2 neutrons

Back 24

deuterium; tritium

Front 25

a substance that maintains pH because it can neutralize an acid/base and act as an acid/base

Back 25

buffer

Front 26

average pH of ocean water

Back 26

8.1

Front 27

2 chemicals responsible for alkalinity of ocean water

Back 27

ammonia and calcium carbonate

Front 28

main buffer in the ocean

Back 28

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Front 29

layer of rapid temperature change; typical depth range

Back 29

thermocline; 300-1000 m

Front 30

line or surface of constant temperature

Back 30

isotherm

Front 31

3 ways heat can be transferred from one location to another

Back 31

radiation, conduction, convection

Front 32

why does a person get colder in water even if it is the same temperature as the air

Back 32

water conducts heat 25 times faster than air

Front 33

total amount of dissolved ions/salts/electrolytes in water; normal units of measurement

Back 33

salinity; ppt, g/kg

Front 34

compounds that break into separate ions when they dissolve in water

Back 34

electrolytes

Front 35

average amount of time a particular type of molecule stays in a reservoir, such as the oceans

Back 35

residence time

Front 36

line or surface of constant salinity

Back 36

isohaline

Front 37

at what latitudes is salinity greatest; why

Back 37

23.5°N/S (tropic of cancer and capricorn); high evaporation

Front 38

idea that major ion constituents of seawater are distributed in constant proportions throughout the oceans

Back 38

constancy of composition [law of constant proportions]

Front 39

what ion concentration is measured in seawater to find the overall salinity

Back 39

chloride concentration [chlorinity]

Front 40

Swiss chemist who discovered in 1819 that the main chemical ions are in the same proportions throughout the oceans

Back 40

Alexander Marcet

Front 41

scientist who firmly establish the law of constant proportions based on data obtained during the HMS Challenger expedition

Back 41

William Dittmar

Front 42

what gas concentration is measured in seawater to find the overall dissolved gas levels

Back 42

argon

Front 43

name given to water because it dissolves many chemicals

Back 43

universal solvent

Front 44

device that determines salinity by the electrical conductivity of a sample

Back 44

salinometer

Front 45

3 sources of salt in the oceans

Back 45

weathering, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents

Front 46

top 6 dissolved ions in seawater

Back 46

chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium

Front 47

4 common methods of desalination

Back 47

distillation, freezing/thawing, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis

Front 48

desalintion technique where ions are pulled by electrodes (anode and cathode) between solutions through membranes

Back 48

ion exchange [electrodialysis]

Front 49

depth zone where salinity changes rapidly

Back 49

halocline

Front 50

saltiest marginal sea; saltiest body of water

Back 50

Red Sea; Dead Sea (a lake)

Front 51

average ocean salinity

Back 51

35 ppt

Front 52

what processes increase the salinity in an area

Back 52

evaporation, freezing

Front 53

what processes decrease the salinity in an area

Back 53

precipitation, runoff, melting

Front 54

what happens to dissolved salt when water freezes

Back 54

it is excluded from the ice

Front 55

layer where density changes rapidly; depth range

Back 55

pycnocline; 300-1000 m

Front 56

why does surface water not easily mix with deep water near the equator

Back 56

prominent thermocline

Front 57

density of pure water at 4°C; density of seawater

Back 57

1 g/mL; 1.025 g/mL

Front 58

3 factors that affect density

Back 58

salinity, temperature, depth/pressure

Front 59

describes the measurement of a property "in place," at a certain depth or location

Back 59

in situ

Front 60

at what temperature are the following most dense: freshwater; seawater

Back 60

4°C; -2°C

Front 61

what is the minimum salinity required for a sample of water to be most dense at its freezing point

Back 61

24.7 ppt

Front 62

a unitless ratio of the density of a liquid (g/mL) to the density of pure water (1 g/mL)

Back 62

specific gravity

Front 63

surface or line of constant density

Back 63

isopycnal

Front 64

a contour map showing lines of constant density (in sigma units) with respect to temperature and salinity

Back 64

temperature-salinity diagram [TS diagram]

Front 65

water with similar temperature and salinity characteristics, such as the Antarctic bottom water

Back 65

water mass

Front 66

3 layers of water based on density

Back 66

mixed layer, pycnocline [transition zone], deep layer

Front 67

how much depth change is required to increase pressure by 1 atm

Back 67

10 m (33 ft)

Front 68

real pressure at a certain depth, which includes atmospheric pressure (1atm) and pressure due to ocean

Back 68

absolute pressure

Front 69

pressure measured by gauges, which doesn’t include atmospheric pressure

Back 69

gauge pressure

Front 70

which holds more dissolved gases: cold or warm water

Back 70

cold water

Front 71

more gases can be dissolved under high pressures (in deep water)

Back 71

Henry's law

Front 72

what is the depth range of the oxygen minimum layer

Back 72

150-1500 m

Front 73

water that has no oxygen due to excessive decomposition (usually of algae), so anaerobes live in this type of water

Back 73

anoxic water

Front 74

water without much oxygen

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hypoxic water

Front 75

what common gas reacts with water to lower its pH; what acid does it form

Back 75

carbon dioxide; carbonic acid

Front 76

depth zone where calcium carbonate solubility increases rapidly with depth; how deep

Back 76

lysocline; 4000 m

Front 77

the depth at which calcium carbonate is dissolved at the same rate that it is replenished from above; how deep

Back 77

calcite compensation depth; 4500 m

Front 78

how fast does sound travel in water; how much faster is this than sound's speed in air

Back 78

~1500 m/s (3500 mph); 5x faster

Front 79

do the following increase or decrease sound speed: decreasing temperature; increasing density

Back 79

decreases, increases

Front 80

depth where sound travels slowest and gets trapped, so it travels great distances; how deep

Back 80

sound fixing and ranging [SOFAR] channel; 1000 m

Front 81

experiment to measure the temperature of ocean water by measuring sound speeds

Back 81

acoustic thermometry of ocean climate [ATOC]

Front 82

what colors of light penetrate the deepest in the ocean; which is attenuated the most

Back 82

blue, green; red

Front 83

the amount of substances suspended in water; opposite of this property

Back 83

turbidity; clarity

Front 84

decrease in light intensity due to absorption and scattering by particles

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attenuation

Front 85

measures transmission of visible light

Back 85

photometer

Front 86

a measure of how much light bends as it hits the interface between 2 substances

Back 86

index of refraction

Front 87

what are the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation from highest to lowest frequency

Back 87

gamma, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, radio

Front 88

is this statement true: high energy = high frequency = small wavelength

Back 88

fo' sho (yes)

Front 89

little pieces of plastic

Back 89

nurdles

Front 90

what animal eats plastic bags thinking they are jellyfish

Back 90

sea turtles

Front 91

the breakdown of plastics into many small pieces by sunlight

Back 91

photodegredation

Front 92

what percentage of oil in the oceans comes from natural hydrocarbon seeps

Back 92

47%

Front 93

where did Exxon Valdez crash and spill oil

Back 93

Prince William Sound, Alaska

Front 94

what event marked the largest manmade release of oil into the sea; when

Back 94

Persian Gulf War; 1991

Front 95

oil blowout that is the largest accidental oil spill; where

Back 95

Ixtox #1; Gulf of Mexico

Front 96

most radioactive sea in the world due to radiactive waste disposal

Back 96

Irish Sea

Front 97

2 industrial chemicals that are common, persistent, harmful pollutants

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PCBs, DDT

Front 98

place where a chemical manufacturing plant discharged lots of mercury into the water in the 1940s and 50s

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Minamata Bay, Japan

Front 99

floating waste or debris in the ocean; intentionally discarded waste

Back 99

flotsam/jetsam; jetsam

Front 100

pollution that doesn't come from pipes, so the source is a wide area or is hard to identify

Back 100

non-point-source pollution

Front 101

substance whose concentration is mostly affected by mixing and diffusion, so the it exists in constant proportions throughout the sea

Back 101

conservative

Front 102

substance whose concentration is mostly affected mostly by process(es) other than mixing and diffusion, so it doesn't exist in constant proportions

Back 102

non-conservative

Front 103

example of a non-conservative property: example of a conservative property

Back 103

oxygen levels (altered by productivity); salinity

Front 104

line or surface of constant depth

Back 104

isobath

Front 105

a level surface or contour that shows a constant value of some function dependent on location

Back 105

isopleth