Schusterguide - Ch05 - Marine Sediments

Front 1

scale that classifies sediments by grain size

Back 1

Wentworth scale

Front 2

who developed phi size for classifying sediments

Back 2

Krumbein

Front 3

what is the equation for the diameter of a grain based on its phi size

Back 3

d = 2^(-Φ)

Front 4

to be considered an ooze, how much biogenous material must the sediment have

Back 4

over 30%

Front 5

what percentage of the oceans are covered by siliceous ooze

Back 5

14%

Front 6

2 organisms that contribute most to siliceous ooze

Back 6

diatoms, radiolarians

Front 7

which ooze is found at deeper depths, cold high latitudes, and above upwelling zones

Back 7

siliceous ooze

Front 8

gemstone made of hydrated silicon dioxide

Back 8

opal

Front 9

type of ooze that has commercial uses in filters, cleaner abrasives, absorbents, and space shuttle tiles

Back 9

diatomaceous ooze

Front 10

what percentage of the oceans are covered by calcareous ooze

Back 10

48%

Front 11

what percentage of the oceans are covered by abyssal clay

Back 11

38%

Front 12

2 organisms that contribute the most to calcareous ooze

Back 12

coccolithophores, foraminiferans

Front 13

ooze that dissolves in deep water (at high pressures) and in acidic water

Back 13

calcareous ooze

Front 14

most common ooze on mid-ocean ridges at low and mid latitudes

Back 14

calcareous ooze

Front 15

what chemical gives abyssal clay its red-brown color

Back 15

oxidized iron

Front 16

which sediment accumulates the slowest: siliceous ooze, calcareous ooze, abyssal clay; how slow

Back 16

abyssal clay; 1 mm/1000 years

Front 17

flat and cohesive sediment size

Back 17

clay

Front 18

4 types of sediment based on source

Back 18

cosmogenous, lithogenous, biogenous, hydrogenous

Front 19

sediment that comes from other rocks or magma

Back 19

lithogenous

Front 20

sediment that comes from the remains of living organisms

Back 20

biogenous

Front 21

sediment that comes from space

Back 21

cosmogenous

Front 22

sediment that comes from the precipitation of ions from seawater

Back 22

hydrogenous [authigenic]

Front 23

classify the rock by its source: igneous rock

Back 23

lithogenous

Front 24

classify the sediment by its source: ooze

Back 24

biogenous

Front 25

classify the rock by its source: stromatolite

Back 25

biogenous

Front 26

classify the sediment by its source: fecal pellet

Back 26

biogenous

Front 27

classify the rock by its source: nickel-iron spherule

Back 27

cosmogenous

Front 28

classify the rock by its source: tektite and chondrite

Back 28

cosmogenous

Front 29

classify the rock by its source: manganese nodule

Back 29

hydrogenous [authigenic]

Front 30

top 5 metals in manganese nodules

Back 30

manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, copper

Front 31

classify the rock by its source: phosphorite nodule

Back 31

hydrogenous [authigenic]

Front 32

classify the sediment by its source: metal sulfide deposit

Back 32

hydrogenous [authigenic]

Front 33

classify the rock by its source: oolite

Back 33

hydrogenous [authigenic]

Front 34

classify the sediment by its source: evaporite

Back 34

hydrogenous [authigenic]

Front 35

sediment made of silica that is smooth due to quick cooling upon striking ocean surface after arriving from space

Back 35

tektite

Front 36

any silicate rock from space

Back 36

chondrite

Front 37

any small, globular mass from space consisting of silicates, iron, or nickel

Back 37

spherule

Front 38

round rock formed in layers around a “seed” of some sort due to precipitation of calcium carbonate

Back 38

oolite

Front 39

mined for use in fertilizers

Back 39

phosphorite

Front 40

detritus from macroscopic consumers that is the medium of transport of 99% of all biogenous material from the surface to the sea floor

Back 40

fecal pellets

Front 41

dome-shaped calcareous sedimentary structures in shallow water that have been built up in layers by ancient cyanobacteria

Back 41

stromatolites

Front 42

large, cylindrical, underground deposit of evaporites consisting mostly of sodium chloride

Back 42

salt dome

Front 43

hard coating of a valuable blue metal on other rocks

Back 43

cobalt crust

Front 44

mineral name of table salt; mineral name of calcium sulfate

Back 44

halite (NaCl); gypsum (CaSO4)

Front 45

what hydrogenous sediment is used in drywall and plaster

Back 45

gypsum

Front 46

sediment on the continental shelf

Back 46

neritic deposit

Front 47

sediment in the ocean basin

Back 47

pelagic deposit

Front 48

old sediments on the continental shelf

Back 48

relict sediments

Front 49

rock consisting of fragments of other rocks; example

Back 49

clastic rock; sandstone

Front 50

process of sediments being carried from shore by icebergs and deposited in the ocean basin when the icebergs melt

Back 50

rafting

Front 51

sediment that comes from land

Back 51

terrigenous

Front 52

which sorts sediment better: wind or glacial rafting

Back 52

wind

Front 53

3 basic rock classifications

Back 53

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Front 54

the breaking up of rock into sediment either mechanically or chemically

Back 54

weathering

Front 55

the weathering and transport of sediment

Back 55

erosion

Front 56

a description of the uniformity of sediment particles

Back 56

sorting

Front 57

what 3 things occur as a sediment matures

Back 57

more rounded, less clay, more sorting

Front 58

2 mineral forms of calcium carbonate in organisms' tests

Back 58

calcite, aragonite

Front 59

bucketlike device used to collect benthic sediments in early exploration of the oceans

Back 59

dredge

Front 60

cylindrical sample of sediment retrieved from ocean drilling

Back 60

core

Front 61

modern way to obtain a core; primitive way to obtain a core

Back 61

rotary drilling; gravity coring

Front 62

place that is the source of many suspended lithogenous sediments

Back 62

Sahara desert

Front 63

compact deposits at the ocean floor made of ice containing natural gas, such as methane

Back 63

gas hydrates

Front 64

2 factors necessary for the formation of a gas hydrate

Back 64

high pressure and low temperatures

Front 65

way to determine ages of sediments using half-lives of isotopes

Back 65

radiometric dating

Front 66

bombardment of samples of rock, water, or fossils with neutrons in order to find the concentration of a certain element in the sample

Back 66

activation analysis

Front 67

diagram showing the fate of sediment with a certain size traveling at a particular speed

Back 67

Hjulstrom's diagram

Front 68

3 fates for a sediment shown by Hjulstrom's diagram

Back 68

erosion, deposition, transportation