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84 Cards in this Set
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This dye is used in the preparation of Schiff s reagent: a. carmine b. basic fuchsin c. alcian blue d. crystal violet |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Basic fuchsin is the dye in Schiff s reagent, which is; used for the detection of aldehydes. |
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The PAS reaction is useful for the demonstration of: a. hyaluronic acid b. dermatan sulfate c. chondroitin sulfate B d. neutral mucopolysaccharides |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The PAS reaction is a reliable stain for the demonstration of neutral mucosubstances. |
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The person who first used Schiff s reagent in a method for demonstrating DNA is: a. Feulgen b. Gomori c. Lillie d. McManus |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." In 1924, Feulgen introduced the procedure named after him as a specific method for the demonstration of DNA. |
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When a few drops of Schiff s reagent are added to 10 ml of 37% to 40% formaldehyde, the color reaction that indicates the Schiff s reagent is good is: a. pink-red b. blue-purple c. red-purple d. no color change |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." A good Schiff s reagent will rapidly turn a red-purple color. A deteriorating Schiff reagent will give a delayed reaction and the color will be deep blue-purple. |
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The only member of the polysaccharide group that can normally be demonstrated in tissue sections is: a. cellulose b. glycogen c. pectins d. dextrin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Glycogen is the only member of the polysaccharide group that can normally be demonstrated in tissue sections. |
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Of the following, the preferred fixative for demonstration of glycogen is: a. Helly's b. Zenker's c. glutaraldehyde d. alcoholic formalin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Of the fixatives listed, alcoholic formalin is preferred for demonstration of glycogen. Free aldehydes, present in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues, must be neutralized to avoid non-specific PAS-positive staining. Mercuric chloride-containing fixatives, such as Helly's and Zenker's, produce uneven staining of glycogen. |
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Glycogen is a carbohydrate that is classified as a/n: a. acid mucosubstance b. mucoprotein c. glycoprotein d. polysaccharide |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Carbohydrates can be divided into two major categories, polysaccharides, with glycogen being the major polysaccharide found in animal tissues, and a broad group called mucosubstances, which includes mucopolysaccharides, mucoproteins and mucolipids. |
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In addition to PAS, another method used to stain glycogen is: a. Best's b. Mayer's c. Southgate's d. Masson's |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Best's carmine, with and without diastase digestion, is used to demonstrate glycogen. |
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Fixatives of choice for Best's carmine technique are: a. alcoholic formalin or 10% nbf b. Zenker's or Helly's c. absolute alcohol or Carnoy's d. glutaraldehyde or Flemming's |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." For best results when demonstrating glycogen using Best's carmine technique, tissues should be fixed in absolute alcohol or Carnoy's. |
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The oxidizing agent in the Bauer-Feulgen reaction is: a. periodic acid b. chromic acid c. sodium iodate d. potassium permanganate |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Chromic acid is the oxidizing agent in the Bauer-Feulgen reaction for glycogen. It functions similarly to periodic acid, however, it tends to further oxidize newly formed aldehyde groups to products that will not react with Schiff reagent. |
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The metal found in the structural formula of alcian blue is: a. aluminum b. ferric iron c. calcium d. copper |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Copper is found in the structural formula of alcian blue. |
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A stain that will only demonstrate strongly sulfated mucosubstances is: a. alcian blue, pH 2.5 b. alcian blue, pH 5.6 c. alcian blue, pH 0.4 d. mucicarmine |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Alcian blue at pH 0.4 will only demonstrate strongly sulfated mucosubstances. |
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Acid mucosubstances are demonstrated by the Prussian blue reaction following treatment with: a. diastase b. hyaluronidase c. dimedone d. colloidal iron |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." At low pH, colloidal iron will bind to tissue acid groups, which can then be demonstrated by the Prussian blue reaction. |
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Dyes used to demonstrate mucopolysaccharides are: a. acid dyes b. basic dyes c. neutral dyes d. natural dyes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Dyes used to stain mucopolysaccharides are basic dyes. Two of these dyes are basic fuchsin (contained in Schiff reagent) and alcian blue. The auxochromes of basic dyes contain a positive charge and will attach electrostatically to the negatively charged end groups found in mucopolysaccharides. |
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Mucin stains are generally used as an aid in the diagnosis of: a. carcinomas b. sarcomas c. lipomas d. myomas |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Mucin stains are usually used as an aid in the diagnosis of carcinomas, such as mucous producing adenocarcinomas. |
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This stain may help to classify a poorly differentiated carcinoma: a. mucicarmine b. Congo red c. H&E d. crystal violet |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Identification of mucin production with Mayer's or Southgate's mucicarmine may help classify a poorly differentiated carcinoma as an adenocarcinoma. |
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In order to extend the shelf-life of Southgate's stock mucicarmine solution, it should be stored: a. exposed to light at room temperature b. in the dark at room temperature c. in a refrigerator at 3° to 6°C d. in a freezer at -15° to -18°C |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." The shelf-life of Southgate's stock mucicarmine can be extended to months when stored in a refrigerator at 3° to 6°C. |
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A stain which is used for demonstrating epithelial mucin is: a. alcian blue b. mucicarmine c. PAS d. Congo red |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The mucicarmine stain is useful for demonstrating epithelial mucin. |
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A fungus that can be demonstrated with various stains for acidic mucins, including mucicarmine, alcian blue and colloidal iron is: a. aspergillus b. Candida c. histoplasma d. cryptococcus |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The capsule of cryptococcus contains acidic mucins and will stain with alcian blue, mucicarmine and colloidal iron. |
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Surgical powder contains starch that will give a positive reaction with this solution: a. Langhan's iodine b. alcian blue, pH 2.5 c. Congo red d. Best's carmine |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Starch will stain blue when exposed to Langhan's iodine. |
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A silver stain that was originally developed for staining glycogen and mucin, but is no longer used for that purpose, is: a. Gomori's reticulum b. Gomori's urate c. Bielschowsky's reticulum d. Gomori's methenamine silver |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Gomori's methenamine silver was originally developed for staining glycogen and mucin. Grocott modified the method and used it for staining fungi, a procedure that is now widely used for that purpose. |
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Dyes, such as toluidine blue O and thionin, that stain mucins and acid mucosubstances a different color from that of the dye solution, are called: a. metachromatic b. amphoteric c. anionic d. empirical |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Metachromatic dyes stain specific tissue components a different color from that of the dye solution. These dyes are generally cationic (basic) and include toluidine blue O and thionin and can be used to stain mucin red to red-purple. |
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In metachromatic staining, strong acid mucosubstances can be distinguished from weakly acid mucosubstances by varying the: a. staining time b. electrolyte concentration c. temperature d. pH |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." With metachromatic staining, strongly acidic mucosubstances stain from pH 1.0 to 0.2; weakly acidic mucosubstances stain from pH 1.0 to 3.2, with some overlap. |
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A fluorescent dye used in Pickett's method for mucin and mast cells is: a. thioflavinT b. Congo red c. auramine O d. acridine orange |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Mucin and mast cells fluoresce orange-red when stained with acridine orange in Pickett's method. |
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Amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of amyloid in selected tissues. Amyloid can be characterized as: a. occurring primarily in adipose tissue b. an abnormal extracellular protein complex c. an acidic mucosubstance d. a neutral mucosubstance |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Amyloidosis is a pathologic condition in the body and occurs in some diseases such as multiple myeloma where amyloid is deposited in various tissues including vessel walls, liver, kidney, lung and heart muscle. |
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Generally, the most reliable staining method for demonstrating amyloid is: a. Congo red b. crystal violet c. thioflavin T d. thioflavin S |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Of the current methods, Congo red is generally considered to be the most specific method for demonstrating amyloid. |
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In order to stain minute deposits of amyloid tissue, sections should be cut at: a. 2 - 3 µm b. 5 - 6 µm c. 10- 12 µm d. 15 - 20 µm |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Minute deposits of amyloid are more likely to stain when cut at 10 - 12 µm. |
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In order to suppress background and non-specific staining, a Congo red solution generally should contain: a. sodium acetate b. sodium chloride c. sodium phosphate d. sodium sulfate |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." In order to suppress background and non-specific staining, a Congo red solution should contain sodium chloride. |
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Parallel sections are stained with PAS, one with and one without diastase digestion. In evaluating the staining results, the digested section: a. demonstrates acid mucosubstances b. shows sites where glycogen was removed c. shows sites of non-specific PAS-positive staining d. demonstrates that the procedure is non-specific for glycogen |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Diastase should remove glycogen from a tissue section, making it possible to determine the site of glycogen in the tissue when compared with the undigested section. This reaction is considered to be histochemically specific for glycogen. |
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In order to specifically identify mucin using the PAS reaction: a. the procedure must be combined with the alcian blue stain b. cryostat sections of fresh-frozen tissue must be used c. tissue sections must be oxidized with chromic acid instead of periodic acid d. glycogen must first be removed by diastase digestion |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Since glycogen and mucin are both PAS-positive, it is necessary to remove glycogen from tissue sections using diastase digestion before positive staining can be interpreted as mucin. |
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Glycogen is found in the liver, muscles, parathyroids and: a. kidneys b. spleen c. lungs d. skin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." In addition to the liver, muscles and parathyroids, glycogen is normally found in the keratinizing layer of the skin. |
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A satisfactory substitute for diastase in the PAS reaction with digestion for selective elimination of glycogen, is: a. sialidase b. amylase c. hyaluronidase d. proteinase |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Amylase is a satisfactory substitute for diastase in the PAS reaction with diastase digestion for the selective elimination of glycogen. |
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For best results in the Feulgen reaction for DNA, tissues should be hydrolyzed in: a. 1 N hydrochloric acid at 60° C for 10 minutes b. 1 N sulfuric acid at room temperature for 30 minutes c. 5 N hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 30 minutes d. 1 N sulfuric acid at 60° C for 10 minutes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." For best results in the Feulgen reaction for DNA, tissue sections should be hydrolyzed in 5 N hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 30 minutes. |
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When tissue sections are over-oxidized with periodic acid in the PAS reaction, it will cause this substance to become PAS-positive: a. sialic acid b. hyaluronic acid c. keratin sulfate d. keratin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." When tissue is over-oxidized with periodic acid in the PAS rection, it will cause sialic acid and proteins to become PAS positive. |
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In the PAS reaction, development of the final colored product is achieved by: a. oxidation of aldehyde groups b. extraction of diastase-sensitive structures c. restoration of quinoid chromophoric group d. 1:2 glycols undergoing oxidative cleavage |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." In the PAS reaction, periodic acid oxidizes free hydroxyl groups to aldehydes, which are then detected in a two stage reaction by Schiff s reagent. The first stage involves formation of a colorless, unstable dialdehyde compound that is then transformed to the final colored product by restoration of the quinoid chromophoric groups of basic fuchsin. |
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An acid mucosubstance, that is resistant to diastase digestion, is PAS and mucicarmine-negative, but is sensitive to hyaluronidase, is: a. chondroitin sulfate B b. dermatan sulfate c. hippuric acid d. hyaluronic acid |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Hyaluronic acid is resistant to diastase digestion, is PAS and mucicarmine-negative, but is sensitive to hyaluronidase. |
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Select the substance that can be used to block the PAS reaction of many non-glycogen, PAS-positive substances, while preserving glycogen staining: a. diastase b. dimedone c. bromine d. hyaluronidase |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Dimedone will block PAS-reactivity of many non-glycogen, PAS-positive substances, increasing the specificity of PAS staining for glycogen. |
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Perhaps the oldest staining reaction for polysaccharides involves color formations when exposed to: a. iodine b. sulfuric acid c. Schiff reagent d. mucicarmine |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." The oldest staining reaction for polysaccharides involves color formations following exposure to iodine. |
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Generally, connective tissue acid mucosubstances can best be demonstrated with: a. PAS b. alcian blue, pH 2.5 c. mucicarmine d. Sudan black B |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Acid mucosubstances are well stained by the alcian blue method at pH 2.5. They are variably stained with PAS and mucicarmine, and do not stain with Sudan black B. |
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The pH of solutions used in the alcian blue method for acid mucosubstances ranges from 0.4 to 2.5. Another method for acid mucosubstances, which requires a solution with a low pH, is: a. PAS b. mucicarmine c. Congo red d. colloidal iron |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Like alcian blue for acid mucosubstances, the colloidal iron solution in Mowry's technique requires a low pH (about 1.9). |
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In the colloidal iron method for acid mucosubstances, the principle of the reaction is believed to be an ionic bond of ferric iron with the free carboxyl group of: a. lipoproteins b. neutral mucins c. glycogen d. glycosaminoglycans |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." In the colloidal iron method for acid mucosubstances, he principle of the reaction is believed to be an ionic bond of ferric iron with the free carboxyl group of glycosaminoglycans (acid mucosubstances). |
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A dye used to stain amyloid, that will also stain paneth. cells, keratin, zymogen granules and juxtaglomerular apparatus, is: a. Congo red b. crystal violet c. sirius red d. thioflavin T |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Thioflavin T is a fluorescent dye that, in addition to staining amyloid, will stain paneth cells, keratin, zymogen granules and juxtaglomerular apparatus. |
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When staining for highly sulfated acid mucosubstances with Spicer's aldehyde fuchsin - alcian blue method, the pH of the alcian blue solution should be: a. 1.0 b. 2.5 c. 3.5 d. 5.5 |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." When staining for highly sulfated acid mucosubstances with Spicer's aldehyde fuchsin - alcian blue method, the pH of the alcian blue solution should be 1.0. |
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The chemical used in varying concentrations in Scott's alcian blue method for acidic mucosubstances is: a. sodium chloride b. sodium hydroxide c. lithium carbonate d. magnesium chloride |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." By varying the concentration of magnesium chloride, alcian blue stains various acid mucosubstances from carboxylated and sulfated mucins to highly sulfated connective tissue acid mucosubstances. |
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When completely hydrolyzed, common polysaccharides yield: a. glycogen b. dextrin c. glucose d. maltose |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." When completely hydrolyzed, common polysaccharides yield glucose. |
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Spicer's high iron diamine method will stain sulfated mucins: a. gray-purple b. blue-black c. blue-green d. red-purple |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Spicer's high iron diamine method will stain sulfated mucins gray-purple. |
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Acid mucosubstances and neutral mucosubstances can be differentiated by staining with a combination of: a. mucicarmine and Weigert's iron hematoxylin b. alcian blue and PAS c. toluidine blue and aldehyde fuchsin d. Sudan black and Best's carmine |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." In the alcian blue-PAS procedure, alcian blue,is applied first, staining acid mucosubstances. Those acid mucins that are also PAS-positive, will not then react with the PAS, leaving only neutral mucins to stain with PAS. |
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Certain acid mucosubstances will stain metachromatically red to red-purple when stained with this dye: a. alcian blue b. toluidine blue O c. crystal violet d. methylene blue |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Certain acid mucosubstances will stain metachromatically red to red-purple when stained with toluidine blue O in a veronal acetate-hydrochloric acid buffer at pH 4.5. |
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In metachromatic staining, carboxylated and sulfated acid mucosubstances can be distinguished by varying the: a. pH b. temperature c. dye concentration d. staining time |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Sulfated mucosubstances are metachromatic at pH 2.0 and carboxylated mucosubstances are metachromatic at pH 5.0. |
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Select the primary dye used in a rapid mucin stain by Carson: a. basic fuchsin b. crystal violet c. carmine d. alcian blue |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Basic fuchsin, used in a rapid staining procedure, will color mucin red. The procedure described by Carson, et al. uses Weigert's iron hematoxylin solution as the nuclear stain and fast green as a non-mucin reactive cytoplasmic stain. |
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Aldehyde fuchsin can be used to stain: a. sulfated mucosubstances b. nonsulfated mucosubstances c. glycogen d. glycolipids |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Aldehyde fuchsin will stain sulfated mucosubstances purple. |
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In order to achieve more consistent staining results, Southgate modified Mayer's muci- carmine solution by adding: a. ammonium sulfate b. lithium hydroxide c. aluminum hydroxide d. lithium carbonate |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." The addition of aluminum hydroxide to Mayer's muci-carmine solution results in more consistent staining results and appears to extend the shelf-life of the solution. |
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Amyloid stained with this dye can be identified by light, polarization and fluorescence microscopy: a. sirius red b. crystal violet c. thioflavin T d. Congo red |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Amyloid stained with Congo red can be identified by light, polarization and fluorescence microscopy. This characteristic gives it a definite advantage over other dyes, which can be viewed only by light or fluorescence microscopy. |
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Congo red is used to stain amyloid; although not a conventional method, it will also stain: a. eosinophils b. mast cells c. basophils d. plasma cells |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Most Congo red methods for amyloid stain eosinophil granules orange-red. |
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This oxidizing agent has been found to be useful in distinguishing primary amyloid (AL) from secondary (AA) amyloid: a. sodium iodate b. periodic acid c. chromic acid d. potassium permanganate |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." In unoxidized sections, amyloid stains pink to red, demonstrates apple-green birefringence with polarization microscopy, and fluoresces orange to red when viewed with fluorescence microscopy. In sections oxidized with acidified potassium permanganate, AA amyloid shows diminished staining and fluorescence and does not exhibit apple-green birefringence. AL amyloid retains the stain. |
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Two characteristics common to all types of amyloid are: a. immunoglobulin light chain and plasma cell disorders b. calcitonin and medullary thyroid carcinoma c. stainability with iodine and Congo red d. PAS-positive renal and liver deposits |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Amyloid is a pathologic heterogeneous proteinaceous substance deposited in various tissues and organs of the body in a wide variety of clinical settings. Some types of amyloid contain immunoglobulin light chains, while amyloid associated with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is related to calcitonin. All types of amyloid stain with iodine and show .apple-green birefringence when stained with Congo red and examined using polarization microscopy. |
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The solution used in Kreyberg's method for demonstrating mucin and keratin is: a. alcian blue b. Schiff c. aldehyde fuchsin d. mucicarmine |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." In Kreyberg's method, alcian blue stains acidic mucosubstances blue-green and keratin stains red or orange-red with erythrosin B. |
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The Kreyberg stain is generally used to stain malignant tumors of the: a. liver b. kidney c. lung d. stomach |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." The Kreyberg stain is generally used to stain carcinomas of the lung. These tumors may produce either acidic mucosubstances (adenocarcinoma), keratin (squamous cell carcinoma), or both (adenosquamous cell carcinoma). |
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Select a substance that can be used to block the PAS-positive reaction of neutral polysaccharides and glycoproteins, and allow staining of PAS-positive epithelial sulfomucins and epithelial sialomucins: a. hyaluronidase b. phenylhydrazide hydrochloride c. diastase d. dimedone |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride should block PAS staining of neutral polysaccharides and glycoproteins to allow demonstration of epithelial sulfomucins and epithelial sialomucins. |
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The periodic acid-borohydride-KOH-PAS technique is used primarily to stain: a. fungal cell walls b. glycogen found in liver c. epithelial mucins from the intestine d. renal glomerular basement membranes |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." This procedure is primarily used to identify epithelial mucins from the ileum, cecum, colon and rectum. |
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The alcian blue-PAS technique stains acidic mucosubstances blue and neutral mucins red; it is very useful for staining diseases of the: a. lung b. gastrointestinal tract c. liver d. pancreas |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The alcian blue-PAS technique is most useful for staining diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as intestinal metaplasia and Meckel's diverticulum. |
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In a suspected case of Barrett's disease, a stain that would help to confirm the diagnosis is: a. PAS with and without diastase digestion b. mucicarmine c. aldehyde fuchsin d. alcian blue-PAS |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." In Barrett's disease, the esophagus becomes lined by columnar rather than squamous epithelium. Columnar epithelium stains blue with alcian blue and squamous epithelium stains red with PAS. |
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Using alcian blue staining, acidic mucosubstances can be identified as being carboxylated and sulfated, weakly and strongly sulfated, or as keratan sulfate by varying the: a. electrolyte concentration b. dye concentration c. staining time d. temperature |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Carboxylated and sulfated mucosubstances (hyaluronic acid) will stain at 0.06 molar concentration of magnesium chloride; weakly and strongly sulfated mucosubstances (chondroitin sulfate) stain at 0.3 molar concentration; strongly sulfated mucosubstances (heparin) stain at 0.5 molar concentration; highly sulfated connective tissue mucosubstances stain at 0.7 molar concentration; and keratan sulfate stains at 0.9 molar concentration. |
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Carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides are called: a. orthosaccharides b. diorthosaccharides c. polysaccharides d. disaccharides |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Carbohydrates such as maltose, lactose and sucrose, that can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides, are called disaccharides. |
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Secondary (AA) amyloid comprises an enzymatically altered serum protein which is made in the: a. kidneys b. liver c. lymph nodes d. pancreas |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Secondary (AA) amyloid comprises an enzymatically altered serum protein which is made in the liver. |
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Primary (AL) amyloid is characterized by deposition of enzymatically altered light chains of: a. immunoglobulin kappa b. immunoglobulin lambda c. immunoglobulin kappa or lambda d. immunoglobulin gamma |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Primary (AL) amyloid is characterized by deposition of enzymatically altered light chains of immunoglobulin kappa or lambda. |
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A carbohydrate technique that is useful for demonstrating amoebae is: a. alcian blue, pH 2.5 b. alcian blue, pH 1.0 c. Southgate's mucicarmine d. Best's carmine |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Best's carmine stains glycogen in amoebae, red. |
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Best's carmine method is thought to be most specific for the demonstration of glycogen. The principle of this reaction is that at a high pH, phenolic groups of the dye ionize to the anion-O-, which in turn, binds to the glycol groups of glycogen by: a. covalent bonding b. ionic bonding c. hydrogen bonding d. radical bonding |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." The principle of Best's carmine affinity for glycogen is that at a pH between 9 and 11 phenolic groups of the dye ionize to the anionic-O- which, in turn, can bind to the glycol groups of glycogen by hydrogen bonding. |
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This technique stains the glycoprotein component of amyloid: a. Congo red b. thioflavin T c. crystal violet d. PAS |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The PAS technique stains the glycoprotein component of amyloid. |
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A dye that will bond with surface carboxyl ions of amyloid is: a. crystal violet b. Congo red c. thioflavin T d. sirius red |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Crystal violet bonds with the surface carboxyl ions of amyloid. |
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Culling's periodic acid-thionin-KOH-PAS method is used primarily to differentiate this type of mucin: a. colonic b. gastric c. small bowel d. esophageal |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Culling's periodic acid-thionin-KOH-PAS method is used to differentiate colonic mucins from those found in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. It is also used to demonstrate the loss of normal mucins in colonic adenocarcinomas. |
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Proteoglycans are a component of ground substance in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. They are produced by fibroblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, endothelial cells and: a. eosinophils b. basophils c. mast cells d. plasma cells |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." Proteoglycans are acidic mucosubstances produced by fibroblasts, osteocytes, chrondrocytes, endothelial cells and mast cells. |
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Mucinous substances found in mesenchymal cells and connective tissues are known as: a. glycoproteins b. neutral mucosubstances c. sialic acid d. glycosaminoglycans |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The mucinous substances found in mesenchymal cells and connective tissue are known as glycosaminoglycans (acid mucosubstances). |
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A malignant tumor of the endometrium of the uterus is likely to secrete: a. hyaluronic acid b. glycogen c. dermatan sulfate d. neutral mucosubstances |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." A malignant tumor of the endometrium of the uterus is likely to secrete glycogen. |
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The presence of mucicarmine-positive material in the cytoplasm of poorly differentiated malignant cells would be indicative of: a. adenocarcinoma b. squamous carcinoma c. leiomyosarcoma d. large cell lymphoma |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Mucicarmine-positive staining in the cytoplasm of poorly differentiated malignant cells supports the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. |
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To differentially diagnose primary adenocarcinoma of the lung versus malignant mesothelioma of the pleura, which staining results would favor a diagnosis of mesothelioma: a. PAS-negative following diastase digestion, alcian-blue negative b. PAS-positive following diastase digestion, alcian blue negative c. alcian blue-positive following hyaluronidase treatment, PAS-positive d. alcian blue-negative following hyaluronidase treatment, PAS-negative |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Malignant mesotheliomas often produce hyaluronic acid that can be demonstrated with alcian blue staining with and without hyaluronidase digestion. This substance is PAS-negative. Approximately 80% of primary adenocarcinomas of the lung contain mucin that stains PAS-positive. |
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The presence of numerous mast cells in the skin would help to confirm the diagnosis of: a. basal cell carcinoma b. urticaria pigmentosa c. xanthoma d. melanoma |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." The presence of numerous mast cells in the skin would help to confirm the diagnosis of urticaria pigmentosa. Mast cells contain heparin, a glycosaminoglycan that stains with alcian blue, pH 2.5 and metachromatically red to red-purple with toluidine blue O. |
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Alcian blue, in 0.8 molar magnesium chloride, has been recommended as an aid in the diagnosis of: a. glycogen storage disease b. Marfan's syndrome c. intestinal metaplasia d. leukodystrophy |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." Alcian blue in 0.8 molar magnesium chloride has been recommended as an aid in the diagnosis of leukodystrophy. |
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A stain that helps to confirm the diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome is: a. PAS b. Southgate's mucicarmine c. alcian blue, pH 2.5 d. Best's carmine |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "C." A stain that helps to confirm the diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome is alcian blue, pH 2.5. In Marfan's syndrome there is a significant increase of acidic mucosubstances in large arteries that stain with alcian blue, pH 2.5. |
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Mesothelioma is a malignant tumor arising from mesothelium that lines the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium. A staining technique that may help to confirm the diagnosis of mesothelioma is: a. alcian blue pH 1.0 with and without hyaluronidase digestion b. mucicarmine c. alcian blue - PAS d. alcian blue, pH 2.5 with and without hyaluronidase digestion |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "D." The use of alcian blue, pH 2.5 with and without hyaluronidase digestion may help to confirm the diagnosis of mesothelioma. |
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Included in the glycosaminoglycans are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfates and: a. heparin b. pepsin c. dextrin d. gastrin |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Included in the glycosaminoglycans is heparin. |
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Saunders acridine orange-CTAC (cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride) method can be used to differentiate between: a. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates and heparin b. glycogen, glycolipids and mucins c. sulfated sialomucins, glycogen and cerebrosides d. keratan sulfates, hyaluronic acid and glycogen |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "A." Staining with acridine orange-CTAC, followed by washing with different concentrations of sodium chloride, will allow differentiation between hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates and heparin. |
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Methylation of tissue sections for four hours at 37°C will block the basophilia of: a. sulfated mucosubstances b. carboxylated mucosubstances c. neutral mucosubstances d. carboxylated and sulfated mucosubstances |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Methylation of tissue sections for four hours at 37°C will esterify carboxyl groups, blocking their basophilia and allowing only sulfated mucosubstances to stain with alcian blue. |
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Movat's pentachrome method stains acidic mucins blue or blue-green with alcian blue and muscle red with: a. acid fuchsin and biebrich scarlet b. acid fuchsin and woodstain scarlet c. chromotrope 2R and biebrich scarlet d. chromotrope 2R and woodstain scarlet |
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS "B." Movat's pentachrome method stains muscle red with acid fuchsin and woodstain scarlet. |
