Rad 103 Exam 1

Front 1

How many bones are in the axial skeleton and how many in the appendicular ?

Back 1

-80 axial bones

-126 separate bones in appendicular

Front 2

What are the 4 classifications of bone ?

Back 2

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Front 3

Short bones are :

Back 3

-Roughly cuboidal and only found in the wrists and ankles

- mainly cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone

- 8 carpal

-7 tarsal

Front 4

What is the primary center of growth ?

Back 4

The diaphysis ( becomes the body in a fully developed bone

Front 5

What's the covering of bone ?

Back 5

Compact bone or cortex

- composed of hard dense bone tissue

Front 6

What is metaphysis ?

Back 6

- The wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the Epiphyseal plate

- the area where bone growth in length occurs

Front 7

What are the functional classifications of joints ?

Back 7

-Synarthrosis

- Amphiarthrosis

- Diarthrosis

Front 8

What are the structural classifications of joints ?

Back 8

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Front 9

How many projections for each bone ?

Back 9

Foot= 3

Chest = 2

Wrist= 3

Tibia/Fibula = 2

Humerus= 2

Fifth Toe= 3

Post reduction of wrist= 2

Left hip= 2

Knee= 3

Pelvis= 1

Front 10

What is density ?

Back 10

Radiographic film density is defined as the amount of "blackness" on the processed radiograph

Front 11

kV is :

Back 11

The primary control factor for film based imaging

- kV is energy

Front 12

KV is a second controlling factor for :

Back 12

Density

Front 13

What is the 15% rule ?

Back 13

15% increase in kV will increase film density , similar to doubling the mAs

- as kV is is increased, mAs can be significantly reduced

Front 14

What does kV stand for ?

Back 14

Kilovoltage = controls the energy ( penetrating power) of the xray beam

Front 15

What is contrast ?

Back 15

Defined as the difference in density between adjacent areas of a radiographic image

- high contrast , short scale

- low contrast, long scale ( referring to the optimal densities from the lightest to the darkest part of the image )

Front 16

What is SID and what does it do ?

Back 16

Less magnification occurs at a greater SID than at a shorter SID

- source image receptor distance

Front 17

Types of contrast and what they do ?

Back 17

High contrast; short scale : greater differences in adjacent densities and fewer visible density

Low contrast; long scale :

Reveals more shades of gray as evident by the faint outlines of vertebrae that are visible through the heart and the mediastinal structures

Front 18

What is Spatial Resolution?

Back 18

Defined as the recorded sharpness or detail of structures on the image

Front 19

What is a radiographic image?

Back 19

An image of a patients anatomic part(s) as produced by the action of X-rays on an image receptor

Front 20

What are soft copy images ?

Back 20

- they are viewed on a computer monitor

- are a numeric representation of the X-ray

intensities that are transmitted through the patient

- each digital image is 2 dimensional and is formed by a matrix of picture elements called pixels

Front 21

What are pixels ?

Back 21

Represent the smallest unit in the image; columns and rows of pixels make up the matrix

Front 22

What do each of the pixels in an image matrix demonstrate ?

Back 22

A single shade of gray when viewed on a monitor ; this is representative of physical properties of the anatomic structure

- range of gray shades is related to the bit depth of pixel , which is determined by the manufacturer

Front 23

Concept of bit depth :

Back 23

The greater the bit depth of a system , the greater is the contrast resolution ( ex: the greater The number of possible shades of gray that a pixel can have

Front 24

Pixel size :

Back 24

Resolution is controlled by the display matrix

Front 25

What is brightness ?

Back 25

Intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the monitor

- brightness replaces the film based term density

Front 26

What is distortion ?

Back 26

The misrepresentation of object size or shape as projected onto radiographic recording media

Front 27

Factors that affect distortion are:

Back 27

SID, OID, and CR alignment

Front 28

What is exposure ?

Back 28

A numeric value that is representative of the exposure that the IR has received

Front 29

What is the primary control factor of film density ?

Back 29

mAs

Front 30

Resolution with film screening imaging is controlled by :

Back 30

Geometric factors , film screen setting , and motion

Front 31

Geometric factors that control or influence resolution consist of :

Back 31

Focal spot size , SID, object image receptor distance

- small focal point results in less geometric unsharpness

Front 32

What is a penumbra ?

Back 32

Refers to the unsharp edges of objects in the projected image

Front 33

Lack of visible sharpness or resolution is :

Back 33

Blur or unsharpness

Front 34

Lack of visible sharpness or resolution is :

Back 34

Blur or unsharpness

Front 35

General rule states :

Back 35

The highest kV and the lowest mAs that yield sufficient diagnostic information should be used on each radiographic examination

Front 36

the second controlling factor of distortion is :

Back 36

OID

- the closer the object being radiographed is to the IR , the less are the magnification and shape distortion and the better is the resolution

Front 37

Third important controlling factor of distortion is :

Back 37

Object IR alignment

If the object plane is not parallel to the plane of the IR , distortion occurs

Front 38

First controlling factor of distortion is :

Back 38

SID

- less magnification occurs at a greater SID than at a shorter SID

Front 39

What is spongy bone ?

Back 39

Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's

- inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone

Front 40

What is spongy bone ?

Back 40

Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's

- inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone

Front 41

What is the medullary cavity ?

Back 41

Hollow

- contains fatty yellow marrow in adults

Front 42

What is spongy bone ?

Back 42

Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's

- inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone

Front 43

What is the medullary cavity ?

Back 43

Hollow

- contains fatty yellow marrow in adults

Front 44

What is the periosteum ?

Back 44

Dense fibrous membrane

- covers bone except articulating surfaces

Front 45

What is spongy bone ?

Back 45

Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's

- inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone

Front 46

What is the medullary cavity ?

Back 46

Hollow

- contains fatty yellow marrow in adults

Front 47

What is the periosteum ?

Back 47

Dense fibrous membrane

- covers bone except articulating surfaces

Front 48

Hyaline is :

Back 48

Meaning glassy or clear

- common type of cartilage or connecting tissue known as "gristle"

Front 49

List terms describing 2 pixel sizes used in digital imaging ?

Back 49

- acquisition pixel size

- display pixel size

Front 50

What is the anode heel effect ?

Back 50

The intensity of radiation emitted from the cathode end of the X-ray tube is greater than that emitted at the anode end

Front 51

How should the patient be positioned ?

Back 51

The thicker portion of the part is at the cathode end of the X-ray tube and the thinner part is under the anode

Front 52

Adequate density is primarily controlled by :

Back 52

mAs

Front 53

Radiographic contrast is defined as:

Back 53

The difference in density between adjacent areas of a radiographic image

Front 54

What is the second controlling factor of density ?

Back 54

kV

Front 55

Small focal points result in:

Back 55

Less geometric unsharpness