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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intrapersonal functioning describes
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the dynamic organization of systems within the person
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A theory is a
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summary statement about events.
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A theory is parsimonious if it
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contains few assumptions
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_________ categorized people as either introverts or extraverts
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Carl Jung
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Extraversion is related to valuing
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achievement
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Eysenck believed that
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extraversion and neuroticism have roots in nervous system functioning
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An external stimulus condition that elicits a desire to obtain or avoid something is a
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press
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Murray used the term _________ for the process of projecting one’s fantasy imagery onto some objective stimulus
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apperception
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Eysenck suggests that differences between introverts and extraverts are based on differences in
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cerebral cortex activation.
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The BAS is assumed to be involved when a person is
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pursuing an incentive.
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According to Gray, the behavioral inhibition system
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reacts to punishment and threat.
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According to Zuckerman, people high in sensation seeking tend to have a difficult time
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inhibiting behavior in the service of social adaptation
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The two aspects of activity level are
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vigor and tempo
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Neuroticism is highly similar to the temperaments of
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emotionality and avoidance.
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Freud used the term _________ to refer to the psychic energy of the life instincts
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libido
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The shifting of energy from a socially unacceptable action to a socially acceptable action is known as
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sublimation.
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An infant who remains calm when its mother leaves and responds to her return in a rejecting manner is displaying _________ attachment
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avoidant
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Will develops immediately following the resolution of the
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autonomy vs. shame and doubt conflict.
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According to the organismic perspective on personality
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every person has the potential to grow into a person of value.
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Gordon Allport
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Idiographic (individualised and unique).
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Raymond Cattell
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16 personality inventory. Empirical starting point – using factor analysis.
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Hans Eysenck
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2 super traits = introversion/extraversion and neuroticism.
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Jerry Wiggins
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emphasised interpersonal aspects of personality. The core of human traits concern interpersonal life. (interpersonal circle)
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Tellegen
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negative emotion (neuroticism) positive emotion (extraversion) constraint (low scores here relate to criminal behaviour and drug abuse
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Henry Murray
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personality is organised in terms of needs and motives. ‘personology’ study of individual lives/factors that influence their course.
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David McClelland
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Three Needs Theory. Need for power (desire to teach, influence and coach, focus on accomplishing group goals). Need for affiliation (focus on relationships, avoid conflict) need for achievement (task of moderate difficulty, effort over luck, desire more feedback.
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Dan McAdams
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added need for intimacy (desire to experience warm closeness and open sharing with another person).
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Atkinson and Andre Elliot
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avoidance motives (ie avoiding failure)
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Need for power
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desire to teach, influence and coach, focus on accomplishing group goals
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Need for affiliation
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focus on relationships, avoid conflict
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need for achievement
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task of moderate difficulty, effort over luck, desire more feedback.
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need for intimacy
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desire to experience warm closeness and open sharing with another person
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What test is used in motive disposition
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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is a projective psychological test. Proponents of the technique assert that subjects' responses in the narratives they make up about ambiguous pictures of people, reveal their underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world
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Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin
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used ‘temperament’ to refer to inherited personality trait present in early childhood.
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Mary Rothbart
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approach and avoidance temperaments, which reflect tendencies to approach rewards and avoid threats.
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Rushton
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genetic similarity theory.
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Hans Eysenck
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super traits (neuroticism and extraversion rooted in the body. Differences derive from activation in the cerebral cortex. Due to lack of understanding in brain functioning, the link between brain/personality wasn’t established.
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Jeffery Gray
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reinforcement sensitivity theory.
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behavioural approach system (BAS)
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set of brain structures that are involved in sensitivity to reward. High levels = Impulsivity
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which area of the brain is the BAS located
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left prefrontal cortex
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Marvin Zuckerman
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sensation seeking. Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibiting, boredom susceptibility
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sensation seeking
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Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibiting, boredom susceptibility
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seekers have low MAO
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monoamine oxidase
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Eysenck
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High N should condition easily, because of high emotional arousal and access to many emotions
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Gray
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Those high in anxiety (BIS) should be more easily conditioned for negative outcomes
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Eysenck
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hard to condition extraverts because of low cortical arousal (and if high N, react impulsively)
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Gray
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Those high in BAS should be more easily conditioned for positive outcomes
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*EEG (Electroencephalography)
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tests brain activity, activity heightens in certain areas during certain periods.
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* PET
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(positron emission tomography) nuclear medicine lights up the brain – shows blood flow
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* MRI
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looks at brain structures through slices
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* fMRI
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looks at brain function during activities.
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neoanalytic
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The most important aspect of human nature is our formation of relationships with other people and the ways in which these relationships play out.
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Adler EGO PSYCHOLOGY
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Focus on ego, ego function, competencies
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Margaret Mahler – believed new
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borns begin life in a state of fusion to others
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mother to child
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Symbiosis.
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separation individuation
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Separation happens at 6 months.
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Heinz Kohut
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self psychology
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self psychology
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focuses on experiences. Humans have narcissistic needs that are satisfied by other people, represented as self objects.
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John Bowlby
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attachment theory, infants/children attach to caregiver for safety. Child builds working models of self/others to use in later life.
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Mary Ainsworth
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Attachment theories
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Secure attachment
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normal distress when left alone, happy when mother returns.
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ambivalent/resistant
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child upset when left, unhappy/angry when mother returns.
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Avoidant
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child remains calm when left and ignores mother on return
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Melanie Klein
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the way in which children play allowed for their symbolic expressions of emotions such as hate, anger, love, and fear
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Pavlov
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classical conditioning. Altering the stimuli that trigger a response.
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Thorndike
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Law of effect, linking action an outcome, and a change in the likelihood of future action.
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Skinner
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Thorndike layed the ground work for skinner’s operant conditioning – positive/negative reinforcement. Pos/neg punishments.
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behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
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fear/avoiding danger or punishment. High levels = anxiety
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which area of the brain is the BIS located
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right prefrontal activation
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Bandura
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Provide information about outcomes and provide potential for future motivational states.
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Carl Rogers
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self actualisation.
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Self Actualization
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promotes maintenance or enhancement of the self
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NEED FOR POSITIVE REGARD
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Strong motive for love, friendship, and affection from important others
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Incongruence
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a disorganization in the self that is detected by the organismic value process
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Vicarious Reinforcement
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observe reinforcement more likely to imitate
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Vicarious Punishment
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observe punishment less likely to imitate
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Terror Management theory
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Attempts to construct lives imbued with meaning and value as a response to the terror of mortality
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The cognitive approach
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Human nature involves deriving meaning from experiences. The mind imposes organization and form on experience, and those mental organizations influence how people act.
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Schema
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a mental organization of information
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Semantic Memory
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organized by meaning
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*Episodic Memory
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organized by sequence of events (space and time)
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*Script
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schemas for episodic events
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Dual Process Models
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Two kinds of thought involved in cognition
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The self regulation perspective
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People are complex psychological systems, in the same sense that homeostatic processes reflect complex physiological systems and weather reflects complex atmospheric systems
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Ajzen and Fishbein (1980)
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suggested that forming an intention is about using a mental algebra to create an action probability
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Mirror neurons
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Active when doing behavior or watching same behavior & Strong link between thinking and doing
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Deliberative mindset
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forming goal by weighing possibilities, thinking of pros and cons, juggling options
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Implemental mindset
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doing what you have deliberated on (the action)
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Lengfelder and Gollwitzer (2001)
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found links with frontal cortex (deliberative)
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Value for self regulation
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goal
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Input
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thinking/perception of behaviour
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Comparator
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compares the goal with the input
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Effect on environment
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changes the behaviour.
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The feedback loop is also referred to as
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the control system.
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Higher levels of hierarchy
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System concepts ideal self, Principle control—broad overriding guidelines (traits) & Program control—vague scripts
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Lower Levels of Hierarchy
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Relationships, Sequences, Transitions, Configurations, Sensations, Intensity (of muscle tension)
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Narrative perspective
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Lives can be understood as interpersonal stories. Life stories are grounded in reality but constructed and reconstructed over time.A person’s life story is their narrative identity
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McAdams
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refers to life stories as the personal myths that we live by. They are grounded in reality, thus they are imaginative and creative productions that we construct and reconstruct
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Bruner
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two ways of understanding thought
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The paradigmatic mode of thought
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events explained by reasoned analysis, logical proof, empirical observation
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The narrative mode of thought
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a believable plot, experienced based, a storied account constructed over time. Human’s wants, needs and goals.
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Damasio (1999)
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consciousness begins when brains acquire the power of telling a story without words, the story that there is life ticking away in an organism. Taking on the position of a narrator.
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James Pennebaker
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translating difficult life experiences into a coherent story appears to enhance life and promote self understanding.
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Tomkins
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broad theory of human emotion that proposes the existence of some 10 primary affects. Each rooted in human biology and evolution.
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PSYCHOANALYSIS AND EVOLUTIONARY; Leak and Christopher
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suggested that the ego (conscious rationality) is a behavioural management system, for which the id and the superego provide motivation
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Trait perspective |
Personality consists, in part, of a pattern of trait qualities. The intersection among traits defines personality.
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Motive perspective |
The key element in human experience is the motive forces that underlie behaviour. These differences in the balance of motives are seen as the core of personality from this perspective. !
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Evolutionary perspective |
The inheritance and evolution perspective emphasizes the fact that humans are creatures that evolved across millennia and that human nature (whatever it is) is deeply rooted in our genes
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Psychoanalyticalperspective
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Personality is a set of internal forces that compete and conflict with one another. The focus of this perspective is on the dynamics of these forces (and the way they influence behavior). Always in motion. *Conflict between aspects of personality *Defense mechanisms to manage threat *Human experience suffused with lust, aggression, sexuality, and death *Perspectiveis highly metaphorical3Y劂s{
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Learning perspective |
A viewof human nature in which change, rather than constancy, is paramount. That is,from this perspective, the key quality of human nature is that behaviourchanges systematically as a result of experiences.
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The self-regulation perspective
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Peopleare complex psychological systems, in the same sense that homeostatic processesreflect complex physiological systems and weather reflects complex atmosphericsystems. There are recurrent processes that form organized actions that attainspecific endpoints
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