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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 Informal methods used to assess personality
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1. Ask people to describe themselves
2. Collect secondhand personality info (gossip) 3. Observe people and make own conclusions about personality |
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What's the most popular informal method to assess personality?
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Observe people and make your own conclusions about personality
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What's it called when people describe themselves focusing more on the positives than the negatives?
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Impression Management
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What motive causes Impression Management?
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Social Desirability
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Why are people bad at catching deception?
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We focus on trivial cues, not the ones that actually matter
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Name the 3 kinds of information Causal Attributions are based on
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Consensus, Consistency, and Distinctiveness
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What is Distinctiveness?
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The extent to which a person acts differently in other situations
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What misattribution happens most often and describe it
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Fundamental Attribution Error- blame personality on internal attributions and not enough external attributions
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Besides the Fundamental Attribution Error name a misattribution people make
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Defensive
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Name the 3 ways Reliability can be assessed
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1. Stability Over Time
2. Internal Consistency 3. Inter-rater Agreement |
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Describe the reliability assessment of Stability Over Time
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Test people and retest them to look for similarities in answers
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How large should the reliability coefficient be for a good test?
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.8 or larger
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Describe Criterion Keying
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1. Find 2 groups of people, one high and one low on the key construct
2. Ask them to respond to a large # of potential test items 3. Keep the items that discriminate between the 2 groups |
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What famous personality test used Criterion Keying?
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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What is construct validity?
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Tests are focused and don't test anything they shouldn't
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What is convergent validity?
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Data needed: scores on own scale and scores on other scales measuring the same thing
Desired results: positive correlation |
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What is discriminant validity?
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Data needed: scores on own scale and scores on other scales measuring different things
Desired results: zero correlation |
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What is dreamwork?
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Process by which your latent content is transformed into manifest content that is less disturbing
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Why does dreamwork occur?
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Guard you from waking up from your dreams
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Name two barriers to dream analysis besides dreamwork.
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Secondary elaboration and Repression
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What is REM sleep?
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Sleep where your eyes are rapidly shifting and it is when dreams occur
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What percentage of people are dreamers?
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100%
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Describe Rorschach Inkblot Test
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Look through the cards twice
1st time asked: What does the picture look like/what do you see? 2nd time asked: Where did you see it/how did you find it? |
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Name 3 elements that a psychologist might consider while scoring the Rorschach Inkblot Test
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Location, Form level, Determinants
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Reactions to people in order of encouraging self-disclosure to not encouraging self-disclosure
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Reflection, Reassurance, Probing, Interpretation, Evaluation
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Describe the Q-Sort Test
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-100 cards contain potentially self-descriptive personality statements
-Put in piles 1-11 -11 means it describes them a lot, 1 means it doesn't describe them -Can only put a few cards in the end numbers but can put a lot in the middle stacks -1st time sort based on your real self, 2nd time sort based on your ideal self -Then the person gets 2 scores based on where their cards were placed each time -The correlation btwn the 2 is computed and if high correlation, that means high congruence in personality |
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Name and describe a response set.
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Social Desirability- lie on the test to make yourself seem like a better person than you are
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What 3 tactics have dispositional psychologists developed for coping w/ the problem of response sets?
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1. Measure the strength of the response set and adjust other scores accordingly
2. Disguise the purpose of the test to make response sets irrelevant 3. Study response sets as interesting dispositions in their own right |
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Name the 4 validity scales of the MMPI
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Cannot say, Lie, Frequency, Correction
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In relation to the MMPI how does Frequency work and which response set does it measure?
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How common or rare is your psychograph, versus the psychographs of others who have taken the test?
Measures carelessness or response deviation |
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What are the 2 major types of Subjective Tests?
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Naturalistic Observation and Situation Tests
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Naturalistic Observation vs. Situation Tests (generalizability and control)
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Naturalistic Observation- watch how someone behaves in natural everyday situations; better generalization, worse control
Situation Tests- watch how someone behaves in artificial laboratory setting; better control, worse generalization |
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Specific examples of Naturalistic Observation spying
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Gay men in the park, Garbage, Bystander Intervention
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What's the major problem with Naturalistic Observation spying?
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It's unethical
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Which 2 approaches to personality have the best assessment methods?
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Dispositional and Behavioral
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Which 2 approaches to personality have the worst assessment methods?
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Phenomenological and Psychoanalytic
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Why did Phenomenological and Psychoanalytic approaches suffer?
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Shot down because they aren't as accurate and can't be said to really test traits, not based on tangible evidence.
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