Psychology Module 9

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stress

Back 1

process by which we perceive and respond to certain events

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stressor

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appraise as threatening or challenging

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threat provokes two things

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alarm and stress reaction

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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people tend to respond to perceived threats by first becoming alarmed, then resistant, and then exhausted

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People experience stress by 3 things

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catastrophic events, significant life changes, daily hassles

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type A personality

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anger prone, verbally aggressive, impatient

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type B personality

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relaxed, easy going

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Psychological disorders tend to be four things

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maladaptive, disturbing to others, atypical, irrational

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medical model

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believes mental illness can be cured; use prescription medications; believe cause may be chemical imbalance

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biopsychosocial

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believes mental illness can be managed; believes psychotherapy is the best treatment; believe cause may be social pressures and mental issues

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anxiety disorder

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distressing, persistent anxiety

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somatoform disorders

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disorders that can cause physiological symptoms

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the seven perspectives on disorders

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psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, neuroscience, eclectic

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psychoanalytic perspective

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disorders are caused by internal conflicts within the unconscious mind

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behavioral perspective

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views disorders as conditioned (learned) response to general environment or to specific situations

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humanistic perspective

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disorders are rooted in person’s self-concept or self esteem

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cognitive perspective

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disorders are maladjusted or improper ways of thinking

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sociocultural

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sees social/cultural issues at the heart of disorders

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neuroscience perspective

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strictly scientific; disorders are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic defects, and so on.

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eclectic

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uses combination of the above approaches to diagnose disorders depending on the individual

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post traumatic stress disorder

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after witnessing severely threatening events, one feels a sense of helplessness, fear or horror

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intern syndrome

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people see in themselves the evidence of disorders

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two types of somatoform disorders

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Hypochondriasis
Conversion disorders

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hypochondriasis

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displays physical ailments for which physicians find no cause

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conversion disorders

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-report serious problems like blindness or paralysis for which no biological reason exists. May be caused by extreme emotional distress

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five common anxiety disorders

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Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
OCD
Post traumatic stress

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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unexplainably tense and uneasy

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panic disorder

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sudden episodes of intense dread

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phobias

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irrationally afraid of something

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OCD

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troubled by repetitive thoughts and actions

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mood

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internal emotional state that persists over time

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mood disorder

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mood is affected

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five common mood disorders

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Major depressive
Dysthymic-
Bipolar disorder-
Cyclothymic-
SAD

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major depressive

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prolonged helplessness and lethargy

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Dysthymic

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chronic low energy and poor self esteem

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bipolar

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alternates between depression and mania

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Cyclothymic

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less disabling bipolar

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SAD

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becoming sad from not enough natural light

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Cognitive triad

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people themselves, their world and their future combine to create mood disorders

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learned helplessness

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hopelessness and passive resignation and animal or human learns when unable to avoid events.

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positive psychology

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can unlearn learned helplessness

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Schizophrenia

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group of disorders characterized by delusional thinking split from reality.

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five types of schizophrenia

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Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
Residual

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paranoid

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peroccupied with delusions

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disorganized

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speech and behavior is disorganized; may make up words

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catatonic

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immobility; parrot like repeating

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undifferentiated

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distorted thinking but reality is still present

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residual

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withdrawl after hallucinations and delusions disappear

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hallucinations

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see things that aren't there

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delusions

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false beliefs

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positive symptoms

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additions to normal behavior

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negative symptoms

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subtractions from negative behavior

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avoidant personality disorder

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Person has anxiety such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection; tends to withdraw from social interactions

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schizoid personality disorder

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Person expresses eccentric behaviors and social disengagement, but not serious enough to warrant a diagnosis of one of the actual schizophrenic disorders

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Histrionic personality disorder

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Person exhibits dramatic or impulsive behavior. Someone witnessing a person with this disorder might say, “I understand that she was upset, but such a tantrum for a 36 year old woman is pure histrionics!”

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Narcissistic personality disorder

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Person exaggerates their own importance, aided by success fantasies, and they find criticism hard to accept. They see themselves ‘as the center of the world’.

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Borderline personality disorder

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Person has an unstable identity, relationships and emotions. They may fear abandonment.

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Dependent personality disorder

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Person relies too much on others for help with daily activities.

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Antisocial personality disorder

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This is generally thought of as the most troubling and severe of the personality disorders. A person with this disorder lacks a “conscience” for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family member and is typically male; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

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amnesia

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Temporary or permanent loss of a part or all of one’s memory.

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• Dissociative identity disorder

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A rare dissociate disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. This disorder used to be referred to as “multiple personality disorder.”

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• Depersonalization disorder

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Occurs when a person feels they are not themselves. The person may, for example, feel that one’s limbs are not shaped or sized correctly. It may include a sense of being outside of one’s body. Self-awareness is extremely distorted.

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• Psychogenic Fugue

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A fugue is simply the addition to generalized amnesia of a flight from family, problem, or location; thus, people experiencing fugue are often found miles from their home or place of work. The person may create an entirely new life.

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• Autism

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childhood-deficient communication-social interaction, understanding others’ states of minds

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• ADD

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problem with development skills and paying attention