Psychology Module 11 Test

Front 1

Attribution theory

Back 1

suggests that we all try to determine causes for the things we observe/experience.

Front 2

Two types of attribution

Back 2

personal(dispositional) and situational

Front 3

personal attribution

Back 3

When we believe that an event is caused by a person or that person’s positive or negative traits

Front 4

situational attribution

Back 4

When we believe that an event is caused by “the situation

Front 5

stable event

Back 5

an event is regular and consistent

Front 6

unstable event

Back 6

irregular and due to chance

Front 7

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 7

information we receive about others influences us and, in turn, influences others’ behavior

Front 8

fundamental attribution error

Back 8

When trying to determine the causes of other people’s behavior, we have a strong tendency to overestimate personal (dispositional) factors and underestimate situational factors

Front 9

self serving bias

Back 9

When things go our way, we tend to take more credit (and make personal attributions for ourselves) than when things go badly.

Front 10

false consensus effect

Back 10

our simple tendecny to believe most people agree with our ideas and preferences

Front 11

just-world phenomenon

Back 11

our tendency to believe that the world is basically a ‘fair place’ and that people usually get what they deserve.

Front 12

attitude

Back 12

a group of feelings and beliefs that are directed toward something specific—like an idea or a group of people or an experience.

Front 13

mere exposure effect

Back 13

the more often we are exposed to something the more likely we are to develop a favorable attitude towards it

Front 14

cognitive dissonance

Back 14

the conflict that occurs when our behaviors do not seem to match our supposed attitudes.

Front 15

individualist cultures

Back 15

generally focus on the uniqueness and abilities of the individual over society as a whole.

Front 16

collectivist cultures

Back 16

generally focus on ties to groups more than the uniqueness or ability of the individual.

Front 17

micro cultures

Back 17

systems of thinking/behaving that develop within other cultures.

Front 18

social facilitation

Back 18

When our behaviors are strengthened or enhanced by the behavior or presence of others

Front 19

social impairment

Back 19

Doing poorly due to the behavior or presence of others

Front 20

conform

Back 20

accept or go along with others’ views or behaviors

Front 21

obey

Back 21

to do what others ask us to do

Front 22

social loafing

Back 22

when people are part of a team effort, they sometimes tend to sit back and let others “do all of the work”

Front 23

groupthink

Back 23

when group members do not speak up about potential problems with a solution that has been agreed upon by a group, usually so that harmony can be preserved.

Front 24

group polarization

Back 24

groups make stronger, more forceful decisions or form stronger opinions than the individuals within the group would make alone.

Front 25

deindividuation

Back 25

Sometimes people who are part of a group begin to feel less responsibility for their own actions—as if the responsibility is diffused (shared or spread) evenly throughout the group. This can lead people to lose self-restraint and engage in behaviors they ordinarily would not think of

Front 26

compliance strategy

Back 26

technique we sometimes use to get people to do what we want

Front 27

door in the face strategy

Back 27

someone refuses a ‘big request’ and then gives in to a smaller one

Front 28

foot in the door strategy

Back 28

based on people’s tendency to give in to a larger request after they have already given in to a smaller one.

Front 29

norms of reciprocity

Back 29

people feel inclined to do things for others because of what others have already done for them

Front 30

prejudice

Back 30

unwarranted attitude toward a group of people

Front 31

stereotype

Back 31

a general set of ideas about members of different groups

Front 32

discrimination

Back 32

an act based on one's prejudices

Front 33

ingroup

Back 33

those that are like us

Front 34

outgroup

Back 34

those that we think of as not being members of our own group

Front 35

ingroup bias

Back 35

judge members of their ingroup as being superior to members of the outgroup

Front 36

contact theory

Back 36

stresses that simply bringing groups into contact with each other can increase understanding and decrease prejudices

Front 37

superordinate goals

Back 37

a goal that requires the different groups to work together for a solution that will be good for all in the end.

Front 38

aggression

Back 38

doing things to intentionally hurt others

Front 39

hostile aggression

Back 39

involves intentional hurting without a clear purpose or goal

Front 40

instrumental aggression

Back 40

involves intentional hurting that does have a purpose or goal

Front 41

frustration

Back 41

aggression principle states that we are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior when we are already frustrated by another, sometimes completely unrelated, event.

Front 42

prosocial behaviors

Back 42

Behaviors that are intended to help others

Front 43

bystander effect

Back 43

the more people witness an emergency event, the less likely any one individual is to actually help out

Front 44

diffusion of responsibility

Back 44

the more people witness an emergency event, the less responsibility any one individual feels because the responsibility feels diffused (spread out) among the entire group.

Front 45

pluralistic ignorance

Back 45

the notion that people tend to look to others for appropriate behavior in an unfamiliar event or setting.

Front 46

social exchange theory

Back 46

idea that we view our social behaviors as one big “account balance” and that we try to do good when we think the potential reward outweighs the potential cost.

Front 47

altruism

Back 47

kindness that truly seem to be totally selfless

Front 48

Three things that help people choose a partner

Back 48

proximity, similar and physical attraction

Front 49

passionate love

Back 49

refers to when people feel a deep, emotional sense of being absorbed in each other.

Front 50

companionate love

Back 50

deep, mutual affection for one another and concern for each other’s well-being.

Front 51

equity

Back 51

people like to develop relationships in which they are on equal footing with their partners; both partners share and make decisions together

Front 52

self disclosure

Back 52

refers to our tendency to share personal details about ourselves as we become closer to another person.