Psychology 1301 - Exam 3 (Chap. 9, 10 & 12)

Front 1

Development

Back 1

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.

Front 2

Nature

Back 2

An individual's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes.

Front 3

Nurture

Back 3

An individual's environmental and social experiences.

Front 4

Resilience

Back 4

A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Front 5

Assimilation

Back 5

An individual's incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

Front 6

Accommodation

Back 6

An individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information.

Front 7

Piaget's Stages

Back 7

1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Preoperational Stage
3. Concrete Operational Stage
4. Formal Operational Stage

Front 8

Sensorimotor Stage

Back 8

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.

Front 9

Preoperational Stage

Back 9

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

Front 10

Concrete Operational Stage

Back 10

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.

Front 11

Formal Operational Stage

Back 11

Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at 11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future

Front 12

Temperament

Back 12

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Front 13

Infant Attachment

Back 13

The close emotional bond between an infant and it's caregiver.

Front 14

Secure Attachment

Back 14

The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Front 15

Authoritarian Parenting

Back 15

A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work and effort.

Front 16

Authoritative Parenting

Back 16

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

Front 17

Neglectful Parenting

Back 17

A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life.

Front 18

Permissive Parenting

Back 18

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior

Front 19

Puberty

Back 19

A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence.

Front 20

Erikson's Stages (conflicts)

Back 20

5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Front 21

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Back 21

Erikson's fifth psychological stage, in which adolescents face the challenges of finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life

Front 22

Motivation

Back 22

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.

Front 23

Instinct

Back 23

An innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.

Front 24

Drive

Back 24

An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Front 25

Need

Back 25

A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

Front 26

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 26

The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

Front 27

Overlearning

Back 27

Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic.

Front 28

Set Point

Back 28

The weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.

Front 29

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 29

Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Front 30

Bulimia Nervosa

Back 30

Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Front 31

Hierarchy of Needs

Back 31

Maslow's theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: Physiological needs, Safety, Love and Belongingness, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

Front 32

Self-Actualization

Back 32

The motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being-the highest and most elusive of Maslow's proposed needs.

Front 33

Self-Determination Theory

Back 33

Deci and Ryan's theory asserting that all humans have three basic innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness and autonomy.

Front 34

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 34

Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge and fun.

Front 35

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 35

Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Front 36

Self-Regulation

Back 36

The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives.

Front 37

Emotion

Back 37

Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or grimace).

Front 38

Polygraph

Back 38

A machine, commonly called a lie detector, that monitors changes in the body, used to try to determine whether someone is lying.

Front 39

James-Lange Theory

Back 39

The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.

Front 40

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 40

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Front 41

Two-Factory Theory of Emotion

Back 41

Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is determined by two factors: Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling.

Front 42

Display Rules

Back 42

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Front 43

Personality

Back 43

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Front 44

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Back 44

Theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness).

Front 45

ID

Back 45

The part of the person that Freud called the "it," consisting of unconscious drives; the individual's reservoir of sexual energy.

Front 46

Ego

Back 46

The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality

Front 47

Superego

Back 47

The Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscience.

Front 48

Defensive Mechanisms (All of them)

Back 48

Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Front 49

Oedipus Complex

Back 49

According to Freud, a boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

Front 50

Collective Unconscious

Back 50

Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.

Front 51

Archetypes

Back 51

Jung's term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich symbolic meaning for all people.

Front 52

Individual Psychology

Back 52

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life.

Front 53

Humanistic Perspective

Back 53

Theoretical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.

Front 54

Unconditional Positive Regard

Back 54

Rogers's construct referring to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior.

Front 55

Conditions of Worth

Back 55

The standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.

Front 56

Big Five Factors of Personality

Back 56

The five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: Neuroticism (emotional instability), Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.

Front 57

Social Cognitive Perspectives

Back 57

Theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations and goals.

Front 58

Self-Efficacy

Back 58

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change.

Front 59

Behavioral Genetics

Back 59

The study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.

Front 60

Self-Report Test

Back 60

Also called an objective test or an inventory, a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Front 61

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Back 61

The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test.

Front 62

Face Validity

Back 62

The extent to which a test item appears to be a good fit to the characteristic it measures

Front 63

Projective Test

Back 63

A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it-to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.

Front 64

Rorscach Inkblot Test

Back 64

A famous projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality.

Front 65

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Back 65

A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality.

Front 66

Subjective Well-Being

Back 66

A person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and the individual's evaluation of his or her life in general.