Psych 7A: Chapter 8

Front 1

As compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storagecapacity.

Back 1

less;more

Front 2

Memory is best defined as

Back 2

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.

Front 3

The process of getting information into memory is called

Back 3

encoding

Front 4

The process of retrieval refers to

Back 4

getting information out of memory storage

Front 5

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as________ memory

Back 5

working

Front 6

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as

Back 6

automatic processing

Front 7

Effortful processing can occur only with

Back 7

conscious attention

Front 8

Encoding and storing a friend's new cellphone number typically involves

Back 8

effortful processing

Front 9

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

Back 9

spacing effect

Front 10

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of

Back 10

flashbulb memory

Front 11

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediatelyafter hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

Back 11

in the middle of the list

Front 12

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called

Back 12

semantic encoding

Front 13

The acoustic encoding of words refers to the processing of

Back 13

sounds

Front 14

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating

Back 14

semantic encoding

Front 15

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in herhouse. Marcy's tactic best illustrates use of

Back 15

a mnemonic device.

Front 16

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word “MEMORY.”This provides an illustration of

Back 16

chunking

Front 17

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics andsubtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of

Back 17

hierarchical organization.

Front 18

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges.Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory.

Back 18

iconic

Front 19

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. Thisstudy finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

Back 19

short-term

Front 20

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information

Back 20

7

Front 21

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

Back 21

essentially unlimited

Front 22

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

Back 22

long-term potentiation.

Front 23

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

Back 23

flashbulb memories

Front 24

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates thatmemory formation is facilitated by

Back 24

Bodys release of stress hormones

Front 25

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the

Back 25

hippocampus

Front 26

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory

Back 26

explicit

Front 27

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

Back 27

hippocampus

Front 28

The cerebellum plays a critical role in ________ memory.

Back 28

implicit

Front 29

Infantile amnesia is largely associated with a lack of ________ memory

Back 29

explicit

Front 30

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.

Back 30

recall;recognition

Front 31

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparentlyacted as a powerful

Back 31

retrieval cue

Front 32

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of

Back 32

retrieval cues

Front 33

. Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contentsof that chapter when he is

Back 33

depressed

Front 34

. In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sinof

Back 34

transience

Front 35

An inability to recall the location of the number 0 on your calculator is most likely due to

Back 35

encoding failure

Front 36

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Ebbinghaus found that

Back 36

the most rapid memory loss for novel information occurs shortly after it is learned.

Front 37

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

Back 37

proactive interference

Front 38

Retroactive interference refers to the

Back 38

disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material.

Front 39

Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

Back 39

interference

Front 40

Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the namesof all his instructors except the fifthgrade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates

Back 40

repression

Front 41

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they“smashed” into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

Back 41

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

Front 42

When asked misleading questions after observing an accident, eyewitnesses often reconstruct their initial memories ofthe event. This best illustrates

Back 42

the misinformation effect

Front 43

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking awindow with their hand. They discovered that

Back 43

it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories

Front 44

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with “Mr. Science,” preschool childrenspontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates

Back 44

source amnesia

Front 45

Memories we derive from real experiences have ________ detail than memories we derive from imagination. Memoriesof imagined experiences are ________ restricted to the gist of the supposed event.

Back 45

more;less

Front 46

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused hermemories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she wasattacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates

Back 46

source amnesia

Front 47

Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believethat their memory difficulties are due to

Back 47

repression

Front 48

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that

Back 48

most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory

Front 49

Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be

Back 49

repressed

Front 50

Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for

Back 50

rehearsal

Front 51

Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate

Back 51

retrieval cues

Front 52

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for

Back 52

becoming aware of what you do not yet know.