Psych 7A: Chapter 16

Front 1

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.

Back 1

think about, influence, and relate to

Front 2

Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best
illustrates

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situational attribution

Front 3

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal
dispositions on another's behavior is called

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fundamental attribution error

Front 4

Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize

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social facilitation

Front 5

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The
tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude

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“Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.”

Front 6

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to

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situational attributions

Front 7

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are
called

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attitudes

Front 8

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to cheat on his income tax returns?

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Mikhail, who positively values paying his full income tax

Front 9

The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is
known as the

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Front 10

After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist
the pressure they exerted on her to try heroin. Her experience best illustrates

Back 10

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Front 11

In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this
best illustrated the impact of

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actions on attitudes

Front 12

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

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were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

Front 13

Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to

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cognitive dissonance.

Front 14

When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their
memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed
their memories in terms of

Back 14

cognitive dissonance theory

Front 15

. If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates

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the chameleon effect.

Front 16

The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may be the result of

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suggestibility

Front 17

Conformity is best described as

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adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.

Front 18

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research
was designed to study

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conformity

Front 19

Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to
conform to his classmates' opinion if he

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believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.

Front 20

The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in

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Japan

Front 21

In Milgram'sfirst study of obedience, the majority of “teachers” who were ordered to shock a “learner”

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complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.

Front 22

When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they

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did not regret taking part in the experiment

Front 23

In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about

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the amount of shock the victim actually received

Front 24

In Milgram's obedience experiments, “teachers” were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when

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the “teachers” observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.

Front 25

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working
simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates

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social facilitation

Front 26

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as

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social loafing

Front 27

Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought
they were clapping with others. This best illustrates

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social loafing

Front 28

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in
behavior is best understood in terms of

Back 28

deindividuation

Front 29

Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to

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deindividuation

Front 30

If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not,
the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be
best explained in terms of

Back 30

group polarization

Front 31

. By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing on line with others who share their
attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for

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group polarization

Front 32

Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they

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unswervingly hold to their own position.

Front 33

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called

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prejudice

Front 34

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking
women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of

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stereotypes

Front 35

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as “strong” when the words are
associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this would be considered to illustrate

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implicit prejudice

Front 36

Hostilities between the Iraqi Sunni and Shia and between Northern Ireland Protestant and Catholic illustrate the irony
that sometimes the greatest dislike is expressed between groups that

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are much more alike than different

Front 37

The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common

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identity

Front 38

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys.
Their beliefs most clearly illustrate

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ingroup bias

Front 39

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be
explained in terms of

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scapegoat theory

Front 40

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to

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believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer

Front 41

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that

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animals can be bred for aggresiveness

Front 42

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the
newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the

Back 42

frustration-aggression principle.

Front 43

A gap between modest goal attainments and very high goal expectations is most likely to trigger

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frustration

Front 44

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior
increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)

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learned response

Front 45

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of

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modeling

Front 46

Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to

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get into more arguments and fights.

Front 47

Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration,
exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

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a biopsychosocial approach

Front 48

When Armen first heard the hit song “Gotta Love It,” he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played,
however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates

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mere exposure effect

Front 49

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that

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babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.

Front 50

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more

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sexually attractive

Front 51

We are likely to prefer as friends those who are similar to us in

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any of these areas

Front 52

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

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compassionate love

Front 53

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of

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self-disclosure

Front 54

. The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander
will

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fail to interpret the incident as an emergency

Front 55

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her
arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that
Arlette will

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fail to notice the older woman's problem.

Front 56

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

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bystander effect

Front 57

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?

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social exchange theory

Front 58

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are

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reciprocity and social responsibility.

Front 59

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband in order to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because
she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife in order to defend himself, but she thinks his
screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates

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mirror-image perceptions

Front 60

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the
experience of

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face-to-face contac

Front 61

After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their
differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of

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superordinate goals.

Front 62

Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice
and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes
fail to recognize

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win-lose orientation

Front 63

A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the
value of

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conciliation