Psych 7A: Chapter 7

Front 1

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is

Back 1

experience.

Front 2

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This
best illustrates

Back 2

operant conditioning.

Front 3

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is
the

Back 3

salivation to the food in the mouth.

Front 4

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the
presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n)

Back 4

conditioned response.

Front 5

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In
this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the

Back 5

conditioned stimulus.

Front 6

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of
a female quail. In this instance, the female quail is a

Back 6

Conditioned Response

Front 7

When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called

Back 7

delayed reinforcement.

Front 8

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

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secondary reinforcement

Front 9

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise,
however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden
anxiety best illustrates

Back 9

spontaneous recovery

Front 10

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman
wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

Back 10

generalization.

Front 11

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's
pattern of fear best illustrates

Back 11

discrimination

Front 12

Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the associations that most readily aid their survival has
been provided by

Back 12

Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion in rats.

Front 13

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that

Back 13

the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur.

Front 14

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.
The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

Back 14

extinction

Front 15

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

Back 15

operant conditioning

Front 16

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

Back 16

shaping.

Front 17

On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she
required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time. On Wednesday, she gave him cookies only after he played quietly
for a full half hour. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through

Back 17

shaping

Front 18

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this
case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying

Back 18

positive reinforcer

Front 19

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows

Back 19

strengthen

Front 20

Janna's behavior is more strongly influenced by the momentary thrill of unprotected sex than by the prospect of an
unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection. This best illustrates the impact of

Back 20

immediate reinforcement.

Front 21

When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's
begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that

Back 21

the dog is going to be quite persistent in its begging in the future

Front 22

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________
reinforcement schedule.

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fixed-ratio

Front 23

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

Back 23

inserting coins into a slot machine

Front 24

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a

Back 24

punishment

Front 25

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This
best illustrates the impact of

Back 25

punishment

Front 26

When children misbehave, some parents use time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This
practice best illustrates

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negative reinforcements

Front 27

Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is

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) less effective than positive reinforcers in promoting desirable behavior.

Front 28

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations
are called

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cognitive maps

Front 29

Latent learning can occur in the absence of

Back 29

reinforcement

Front 30

The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves

Back 30

intrinsic motivation

Front 31

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for underestimating the influence of ________ on behavior.

Back 31

cognitive processes

Front 32

Classical conditioning involves a learned association between

Back 32

behavior and its consequence.

Front 33

Operant conditioning involves a learned association between

Back 33

two reinforcers

Front 34

When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns
to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates

Back 34

observational learning

Front 35

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of

Back 35

modeling

Front 36

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are
also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed
to the significance of

Back 36

mirror neurons

Front 37

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is
apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.

Back 37

observational learning

Front 38

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had
parents who

Back 38

modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.

Front 39

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

Back 39

talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.

Front 40

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the “Power Rangers” illustrates
the role of television as a source of

Back 40

observational learning

Front 41

Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. This is most likely to lead her to

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experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground