Psych 7A: Chapter 8

Front 1

Memory is best defined as

Back 1

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.

Front 2

The process of getting information into memory is called

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encoding

Front 3

The process of retrieval refers to

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getting information out of memory storage

Front 4

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this
case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

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short-term

Front 5

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as

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automatic processing

Front 6

While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This
ability highlights the importance of

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automatic processing

Front 7

Encoding and storing a friend's new cellphone number typically involves

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effortful processing

Front 8

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

Back 8

Ebbinghaus

Front 9

Students often remember more information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course. This
best illustrates the importance of

Back 9

the spacing effect

Front 10

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately
after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

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in the middle of the list

Front 11

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called

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semantic encoding

Front 12

Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included “ship, effort, professor, and inquire.” He later
recalled these words as “boat, work, teacher, and question.” This suggests that the four original words had been encoded

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semantically

Front 13

The acoustic encoding of words refers to the processing of

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sounds

Front 14

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally
label their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires

Back 14

semantic encoding

Front 15

. Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you
had seen that word in today's test?

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Does the word rhyme with den?

Front 16

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her
house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates use of

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iconic memory

Front 17

The organization of information into meaningful units is called

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chunking

Front 18

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence “George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow” to help him remember
the spelling of “geography.” Tim is using

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a mnemonic device

Front 19

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling
demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

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iconic

Front 20

Iconic memory refers to

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photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second

Front 21

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This
study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

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short-term

Front 22

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

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essentially unlimited

Front 23

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

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long-term potentiation

Front 24

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

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flashbulb memories

Front 25

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that
memory formation is facilitated by

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the body's release of stress
hormones.

Front 26

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

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hippocampsu

Front 27

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn

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the names of the 50 states in the United States.

Front 28

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is
being utilized?

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recognition

Front 29

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently
acted as a powerful

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retrieval cue

Front 30

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of

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retreival cues

Front 31

. The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

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deja vu

Front 32

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents
of that chapter when he is

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depressed

Front 33

An inability to recall the location of the number 0 on your calculator is most likely due to

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encoding failure

Front 34

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Ebbinghaus found that

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the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned

Front 35

Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of the Netherlands, he quickly and correctly identified it after
being given a list of cities in the Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in

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retrieval

Front 36

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

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proactive interference.

Front 37

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new
students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates

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retroactive interference

Front 38

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material
he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates

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retroactive interference

Front 39

Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. Jenkins and
Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time

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sleeping

Front 40

Repression most clearly involves a failure in

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retrieval

Front 41

Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names
of all his instructors except the fifthgrade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates

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repression

Front 42

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current
expectations. This best illustrates

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memory construction

Front 43

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they
“smashed” into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

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portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

Front 44

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a
window with their hand. They discovered that

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it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories.

Front 45

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with “Mr. Science,” preschool children
spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates

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source amnesia

Front 46

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her
memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was
attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates

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source amnesia

Front 47

In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their
finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of

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memory construction

Front 48

Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believe
that their memory difficulties are due to

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repression

Front 49

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that

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most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory

Front 50

Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts
are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of

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infantile amnesia

Front 51

Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for

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rehearsal

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Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate

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retrieval cues

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Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for

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becoming aware of what you do not yet know