• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/45

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

According to the text, learning involves



A) the ability to think abstractly.
B) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
C) the development of prosocial behavior.
D) a reduction in extrinsic motivation.

B) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Conditioning is the process of



A) discrimination.


B) spontaneous recovery.


C) learning associations.


D) observational learning.

C) learning associations.

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying



A) intrinsic motivation.


B) respondent behavior.


C) spontaneous recovery.


D) operant conditioning.

D) operant conditioning.

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates



A) shaping.


B) spontaneous recovery.


C) respondent behavior.


D) observational learning.

D) observational learning.

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?



A) negative reinforcement


B) classical conditioning


C) latent learning


D) operant conditioning

B) classical conditioning

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?



A) playing jump rope


B) running through a maze to get a food reward


C) sweating in hot weather


D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance

C) sweating in hot weather

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was



A) a tone.
B) salivation to the sound of a tone.


C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.


D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)



A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.


C) unconditioned stimulus


D) conditioned stimulus.

B) unconditioned response.

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)
A) conditioned response.


B) unconditioned stimulus.


C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

A) conditioned response.

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called



A) shaping.


B) acquisition.


C) generalization.


D) spontaneous recovery.
11.

B) acquisition.

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a



A) UR.


B) US.


C) CR.


D) CS.

C) CR.

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates



A) shaping.


B) spontaneous recovery.


C) intermittent reinforcement.


D) higher-order conditioning.

D) higher-order conditioning.

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.



A) UR; CR


B) CS; UR


C) US; UR


D) CS; US

D) CS; US

Spontaneous recovery refers to the



A) expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive.


B) organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS.
C) return of a response after punishment has been terminated.
D) reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

D) reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Compared to nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates



A) shaping.


B) generalization.


C) the law of effect.


D) negative reinforcement.

B) generalization.

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with



A) loud sounds.


B) bright lights.


C) novel tastes.


D) high-pitched sounds.

C) novel tastes.

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by



A) cognitive processes.


B) biological predispositions.


C) continuous reinforcement.


D) latent learning.

B) biological predispositions.

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of



A) secondary reinforcement.


B) generalization.


C) shaping.


D) spontaneous recovery.

B) generalization.

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?



A) observational learning


B) classical conditioning


C) operant conditioning


D) latent learning

C) operant conditioning

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates



A) latent learning.


B) the law of effect.


C) respondent behavior.


D) spontaneous recovery.

B) the law of effect.

A Skinner box is a(n)



A) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors.
B) “slot machine” used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices.
C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
D) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.

C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.



A) latent learning


B) operant conditioning


C) classical conditioning


D) observational learning

B) operant conditioning

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)



A) conditioned stimulus.


B) unconditioned stimulus.


C) reinforcer.


D) operant behavior

C) reinforcer.

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)



A) conditioned stimulus.


B) unconditioned stimulus.


C) positive reinforcer.


D) negative reinforcer.

D) negative reinforcer.

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.



A) delayed


B) intermittent


C) conditioned


D) negative

B) intermittent

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates



A) spontaneous recovery.


B) partial reinforcement.


C) generalization.


D) shaping.

B) partial reinforcement.

A fixedratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)



A) specified time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses have been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses have been made.

C) specified number of responses have been made.

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)



A) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
B) specified time period has elapsed.


C) specified number of responses has been made.


D) unpredictable number of responses has been made.

B) specified time period has elapsed.

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.



A) fixed-interval


B) fixed-ratio


C) variable-interval


D) variable-ratio

D) variable-ratio

Revoking the driver’s license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a



A) negative reinforcement.


B) positive reinforcement.


C) negative punishment.


D) positive punishment.

C) negative punishment.

The use of physical punishment may



A) lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior.
B) model aggression as a way of coping with problems.
C) lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.
D) have all of these results.

D) have all of these results.

After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a



A) cognitive map.


B) discriminative stimulus.


C) law of effect.


D) fixed-interval schedule.

A) cognitive map.

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves



A) latent learning.


B) extrinsic motivation.


C) partial reinforcement.


D) delayed reinforcers.

B) extrinsic motivation.

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit



A) respondent behavior.


B) latent learning.


C) spontaneous recovery.


D) intrinsic motivation.

D) intrinsic motivation.

Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.



A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
C) an unconditioned response; a conditioned response
D) a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule

B) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.



A) primary reinforcers


B) generalization


C) spontaneous recovery


D) biological predispositions

D) biological predispositions

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of



A) observational learning.


B) delayed reinforcement.


C) classical conditioning.


D) shaping.

D) shaping.

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of



A) respondent behavior.


B) immediate reinforcement.


C) modeling.


D) shaping.

C) modeling.

Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for



A) the law of effect.


B) spontaneous recovery.


C) observational learning.


D) extrinsic motivation.

C) observational learning.

The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of



A) mirror neuron activity.


B) spontaneous recovery.


C) respondent behavior.


D) positive reinforcement.

A) mirror neuron activity.

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of



A) operant conditioning.


B) respondent behavior.


C) observational learning.


D) spontaneous recovery.

C) observational learning

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting



A) conditioned responses.


B) prosocial behavior.


C) extrinsic motivation.


D) spontaneous recovery.

B) prosocial behavior.

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.



A) inhibits


B) causes


C) is unrelated to


D) predicts

D) predicts

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to



A) the law of effect.


B) spontaneous recovery.


C) the violence-viewing effect.


D) instinctive drift.

C) the violence-viewing effect.

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates



A) generalization.


B) secondary reinforcement.


C) shaping.


D) spontaneous recovery.

A) generalization.