Psyc 2314-- Chapter 2-- Theories Of Development

Front 1

Psychoanalytic theories

Back 1

Theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions

Front 2

Id

Back 2

In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that comprises a person's basic sexual and aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Front 3

Ego

Back 3

According to Freud, the thinking element of personality

Front 4

Superego

Back 4

Freud's term for the part of personality that is the moral judge

Front 5

Psychosexual stages

Back 5

Freud's five stages of personality development through which children move in fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is centered in a different body part in each stage

Front 6

Psychosocial stages

Back 6

Erikson's eight stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner instincts interact with outer cultural and social demands to shape personality

Front 7

Behaviorism

Back 7

The view that defines development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences

Front 8

Learning theories

Back 8

Theories asserting that development results from and accumulation of experiences

Front 9

Classical conditioning

Back 9

Learning that results from the association of stimuli

Front 10

Operant conditioning

Back 10

Learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences

Front 11

Reinforcement

Back 11

Anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated

Front 12

Punishment

Back 12

Anything that follows a behavior and causes it to stop

Front 13

Extinction

Back 13

the gradual elimination of a behavior through repeated nonreinforcement

Front 14

Observational learning, or modeling

Back 14

Learning that results from seeing a model reinforced of punished for a behavior

Front 15

Cognitive theories

Back 15

Theories that emphasize mental processes in development

Front 16

Scheme

Back 16

In Piaget's theory, an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance

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Assimilation

Back 17

The process of using a scheme as a result of some new information

Front 18

Accomodation

Back 18

Changing a scheme as a result of some new information

Front 19

Equilibration

Back 19

The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the enviroment

Front 20

Sociocultural theory

Back 20

Vygotsky's view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than an individuals private explorations

Front 21

Information-processing theory

Back 21

A theoretical perspective that uses the computer as a model to explain how the mind manages information

Front 22

neo- Piagetian theory

Back 22

An approach that uses information processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget

Front 23

Behavior genetics

Back 23

The study of the role of heredity in individual differences

Front 24

Ethology

Back 24

A perspective on development that empathizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection

Front 25

Sociobiology

Back 25

The study of society using the methods and concepts of biology; when used by developmentalists, and approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival

Front 26

Bioecological theory

Back 26

Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments or interconnected contexts

Front 27

Eclecticism

Back 27

The use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development