Openstax Biology - Chapter 43 - Animal Reproduction

Front 1

acrosomal

Back 1

reaction series of biochemical reactions that the sperm uses to break through the zona pellucida

Front 2

asexual reproduction

Back 2

form of reproduction that produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Front 3

blastocyst

Back 3

structure formed when cells in the mammalian blastula separate into an inner and outer layer

Front 4

budding

Back 4

form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell leading to a separation from the original animal into two individuals

Front 5

bulbourethral gland

Back 5

secretion that cleanses the urethra prior to ejaculation

Front 6

clitoris

Back 6

sensory structure in females; stimulated during sexual arousal

Front 7

cloaca

Back 7

common body opening for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems found in non-mammals, such as birds

Front 8

contraception

Back 8

various means used to prevent pregnancy; also known as birth control

Front 9

estrogen

Back 9

reproductive hormone in females that assists in endometrial regrowth, ovulation, and calcium absorption

Front 10

external fertilization

Back 10

fertilization of egg by sperm outside animal body, often during spawning

Front 11

fission

Back 11

method by which multicellular organisms increase in size or asexual reproduction in which a unicellular organism splits into two separate organisms by mitosis; also known as binary fission

Front 12

follicle stimulating hormone

Back 12

reproductive hormone that causes sperm production in men and follicle development in women; also known as FSH

Front 13

fragmentation

Back 13

cutting or fragmenting of the original animal into parts and the growth of a separate animal from each part

Front 14

gastrulation

Back 14

process in which the blastula folds over itself to form the three germ layers

Front 15

gestation

Back 15

length of time for fetal development to birth

Front 16

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Back 16

hormone from the hypothalamus that causes the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary; also known as GnRH

Front 17

hermaphroditism

Back 17

state of having both male and female reproductive parts within the same individual

Front 18

holoblastic

Back 18

complete cleavage; takes place in cells with a small amount of yolk

Front 19

human beta chorionic gonadotropin

Back 19

hormone produced by the chorion of the zygote that helps to maintain the corpus luteum and elevated levels of progesterone; also known as β-HCG

Front 20

infertility

Back 20

inability to conceive, carry, and deliver children

Front 21

inhibin

Back 21

hormone made by Sertoli cells; provides negative feedback to hypothalamus in control of FSH and GnRH release

Front 22

inner cell mass

Back 22

inner layer of cells in the blastocyst

Front 23

internal fertilization

Back 23

fertilization of egg by sperm inside the body of the female

Front 24

labia majora

Back 24

large folds of tissue covering the inguinal area

Front 25

labia minora

Back 25

smaller folds of tissue within the labia majora

Front 26

luteinizing hormone

Back 26

reproductive hormone in both men and women, causes testosterone production in men and ovulation and lactation in women; also known as LH

Front 27

menopause

Back 27

loss of reproductive capacity in women due to decreased sensitivity of the ovaries to FSH and LH

Front 28

menstrual cycle

Back 28

cycle of the degradation and re-growth of the endometrium

Front 29

meroblastic

Back 29

partial cleavage; takes place in cells with a large amount of yolk

Front 30

morning sickness

Back 30

condition in the mother during the first trimester; includes feelings of nausea

Front 31

neural tube

Back 31

tube-like structure that forms from the ectoderm and gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

Front 32

oogenesis

Back 32

process of producing haploid eggs

Front 33

organogenesis

Back 33

process of organ formation

Front 34

ovarian cycle

Back 34

cycle of preparation of egg for ovulation and the conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum

Front 35

oviduct

Back 35

muscular tube connecting the uterus with the ovary area; also known as fallopian tube

Front 36

oviparity

Back 36

process by which fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and develop there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg

Front 37

ovoviparity

Back 37

process by which fertilized eggs are retained within the female; the embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg’s yolk and the young are fully developed when they are hatched

Front 38

ovulation

Back 38

release of the egg by the most mature follicle

Front 39

parthenogenesis

Back 39

form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized

Front 40

penis

Back 40

male reproductive structure for urine elimination and copulation

Front 41

placenta

Back 41

organ that supports the diffusion of nutrients and waste between the mother’s and fetus’ blood

Front 42

polyspermy

Back 42

condition in which one egg is fertilized by multiple sperm

Front 43

progesterone

Back 43

reproductive hormone in women; assists in endometrial re-growth and inhibition of FSH and LH release

Front 44

prostate gland

Back 44

structure that is a mixture of smooth muscle and glandular material and that contributes to semen

Front 45

scrotum

Back 45

sac containing testes; exterior to the body

Front 46

semen fluid

Back 46

mixture of sperm and supporting materials

Front 47

seminal vesicle

Back 47

secretory accessory gland in males; contributes to semen

Front 48

seminiferous tubule

Back 48

site of sperm production in testes

Front 49

Sertoli cell

Back 49

cell in seminiferous tubules that assists developing sperm and makes inhibin

Front 50

sexual reproduction

Back 50

mixing of genetic material from two individuals to produce genetically unique offspring

Front 51

somite

Back 51

group of cells separated by small spaces that form from the mesoderm and give rise to connective tissue

Front 52

spermatheca

Back 52

specialized sac that stores sperm for later use

Front 53

testes

Back 53

pair of reproductive organs in males

Front 54

testosterone

Back 54

reproductive hormone in men that assists in sperm production and promoting secondary sexual characteristics

Front 55

trophoblast

Back 55

outer layer of cells in the blastocyst

Front 56

uterus

Back 56

environment for developing embryo and fetus

Front 57

vagina

Back 57

muscular tube for the passage of menstrual flow, copulation, and birth of offspring

Front 58

viviparity

Back 58

process in which the young develop within the female, receiving nourishment from the mother’s blood through a placenta

Front 59

zona pellucida

Back 59

protective layer of glycoproteins on the mammalian egg

Front 60

spermatogenesis

Back 60

process of producing haploid sperm

Front 61

interstitial cell of Leydig

Back 61

cell in seminiferous tubules that makes testosterone