Openstax Biology - Chapter 32 - Plant Reproduction

Front 1

accessory fruit

Back 1

fruit derived from tissues other than the ovary

Front 2

aggregate fruit

Back 2

fruit that develops from multiple carpels in the same flower

Front 3

aleurone

Back 3

single layer of cells just inside the seed coat that secretes enzymes upon germination

Front 4

androecium

Back 4

sum of all the stamens in a flower

Front 5

antipodals

Back 5

the three cells away from the micropyle

Front 6

apomixis

Back 6

process by which seeds are produced without fertilization of sperm and egg

Front 7

coleoptile

Back 7

covering of the shoot tip, found in germinating monocot seeds

Front 8

coleorhiza

Back 8

covering of the root tip, found in germinating monocot seeds

Front 9

cotyledon

Back 9

fleshy part of seed that provides nutrition to the seed

Front 10

cross-pollination

Back 10

transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a different flower

Front 11

cutting

Back 11

method of asexual reproduction where a portion of the stem contains notes and internodes is placed in moist soil and allowed to root

Front 12

dormancy

Back 12

period of no growth and very slow metabolic processes

Front 13

double fertilization

Back 13

two fertilization events in angiosperms; one sperm fuses with the egg, forming the zygote, whereas the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei, forming endosperm

Front 14

endocarp

Back 14

innermost part of fruit

Front 15

endosperm

Back 15

triploid structure resulting from fusion of a sperm with polar nuclei, which serves as a nutritive tissue for embryo

Front 16

endospermic dicot

Back 16

dicot that stores food reserves in the endosperm

Front 17

epicotyl

Back 17

embryonic shoot above the cotyledons

Front 18

exine

Back 18

outermost covering of pollen

Front 19

exocarp

Back 19

outermost covering of a fruit

Front 20

gametophyte

Back 20

multicellular stage of the plant that gives rise to haploid gametes or spores

Front 21

grafting

Back 21

method of asexual reproduction where the stem from one plant species is spliced to a different plant

Front 22

gravitropism

Back 22

response of a plant growth in the same direction as gravity

Front 23

hypocotyl

Back 23

embryonic axis above the cotyledons

Front 24

intine

Back 24

inner lining of the pollen

Front 25

layering

Back 25

method of propagating plants by bending a stem under the soil

Front 26

megagametogenesis

Back 26

second phase of female gametophyte development, during which the surviving haploid megaspore undergoes mitosis to produce an eight-nucleate, seven-cell female gametophyte, also known as the megagametophyte or embryo sac.

Front 27

megasporangium

Back 27

tissue found in the ovary that gives rise to the female gamete or egg

Front 28

megasporogenesis

Back 28

first phase of female gametophyte development, during which a single cell in the diploid megasporangium undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores, only one of which survives

Front 29

megasporophyll

Back 29

bract (a type of modified leaf) on the central axis of a female gametophyte

Front 30

mesocarp

Back 30

middle part of a fruit

Front 31

micropropagation

Back 31

propagation of desirable plants from a plant part; carried out in a laboratory

Front 32

micropyle

Back 32

opening on the ovule sac through which the pollen tube can gain entry

Front 33

microsporangium

Back 33

tissue that gives rise to the microspores or the pollen grain

Front 34

microsporophyll

Back 34

central axis of a male cone on which bracts (a type of modified leaf) are attached

Front 35

multiple fruit

Back 35

fruit that develops from multiple flowers on an inflorescence

Front 36

nectar guide

Back 36

pigment pattern on a flower that guides an insect to the nectaries

Front 37

non-endospermic dicot

Back 37

dicot that stores food reserves in the developing cotyledon

Front 38

perianth

Back 38

part of the flower consisting of the calyx and/or corolla; forms the outer envelope of the flower; also known as petal or sepal

Front 39

pericarp

Back 39

collective term describing the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp; the structure that encloses the seed and is a part of the fruit

Front 40

plumule

Back 40

shoot that develops from the germinating seed

Front 41

polar nuclei

Back 41

found in the ovule sac; fusion with one sperm cell forms the endosperm

Front 42

pollination

Back 42

transfer of pollen to the stigma

Front 43

polycarpic

Back 43

plants that flower several times in their lifetime

Front 44

radicle

Back 44

original root that develops from the germinating seed

Front 45

scarification

Back 45

mechanical or chemical processes to soften the seed coat

Front 46

scion

Back 46

the part of a plant that is grafted onto the root stock of another plant

Front 47

scutellum

Back 47

type of cotyledon found in monocots, as in grass seeds

Front 48

self-pollination

Back 48

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of same flower

Front 49

senescence

Back 49

process that describes aging in plant tissues

Front 50

simple fruit

Back 50

fruit that develops from a single carpel or fused carpels

Front 51

sporophyte

Back 51

multicellular diploid stage in plants that is formed after the fusion of male and female gametes

Front 52

suspensor

Back 52

part of the growing embryo that makes connection with the maternal tissues

Front 53

synergid

Back 53

type of cell found in the ovule sac that secretes chemicals to guide the pollen tube towards the egg

Front 54

tegmen

Back 54

inner layer of the seed coat

Front 55

testa

Back 55

outer layer of the seed coat

Front 56

vernalization

Back 56

exposure to cold required by some seeds before they can germinate

Front 57

monocarpic

Back 57

plants that flower once in their lifetime

Front 58

gynoecium

Back 58

the sum of all the carpels in a flower