Microbiology- Chapter 23 (Infectious Diseases Affecting The Genitourinary System)

Front 1

what are the  Structures of the Urinary System ?

Back 1

× Kidneys- remove waste from the blood and excrete it in urine
× Ureters- urine travels via these to the urinary bladder
× Urinary bladder- stores urine until it is eliminated
× Urethra- site of urine excretion
× Defense system of urinary system: flushing action; desquamation (shedding of the epithelial cells); acidic pH; lysozyme, lactoferrin, lgA antibodies

Front 2

Describe the male reproductive system.

the parts and their functions

Back 2

× Male: (23.2)

- Testes- production of sperm cells and hormones

- Epididimis- duct leading from the testes

- Prostate gland- provides fluid for the semen

- Penis- terminal part

Front 3

Describe the female reproductive system.

the parts and their functions

Back 3

-Ovaries- production of egg cells

-Fallopian tubes- transport of the egg into the uterus

-Uterus- fetusdeelops

-Vagina- terminal portion of the system

Front 4

where is the Normal Microbiota of the Urinary tract and Reproductive system ?

Back 4

× Urethra
-Colonized by some microorganisms
-Primary species include Lactobacillus and Stapholococcus, nonhemolytic streptococci

× Remainder of the urinary organs are sterile (under normal conditions)

× Male reprodctive system
-The regions above the prostate are sterile

× Female reproductive system
-The vagina is colonized by various microorganisms depending on hormone levels (lactobacillus, corynebacteria, cocci…)
-Role of lactobacillus is protective- provides low pH and discourges growth of other microorganisms

Front 5

name 3 Examples of bacterial diseases of the urinary system

Back 5

× Example of bacterial diseases of the urinary system
- Cystitis
- Leptospirosis
- Streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis

Front 6

describe  Cystitis

- cause
-portal of entry
-signs/symptoms
-diagnosis
-treatment

Back 6

× Inflammation of the urinary bladder
× Causitive agents: E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas
× Portal of entry: Urethra- often by self-inoculation with fecal bacteria
× Females are more susceptible- due to short urethra that is close to anus
× Signs/ Symptoms: frequent, urgent, painful urination; urine may be cloudy
× Diagnosis: analysis of urine
× Treatement: Antimicrobial drugs
× *on nutrient agar it will show how much bacteria is on one ml of urine

Front 7

what are the 3 types of STDs?

Back 7

- Bacterial STDs
- Viral STDs
- Protozoan STDs

Front 8

is candidiasis sexually transmitted?

Back 8

no

Front 9

describe candidiasis

-cause
-Predisposing factors

Back 9

× Candidiasis- most common vaginal infection
× Causitive agent: yeast Candida albicans
× Not sexually transmitted
× Opportunistic overgrowth when the competing (normal) microbiota is supressed
× Predisposing factors: diabetes, pregnancy and antibiotic therapy

Front 10

what is  Trichomoniasis?

-cause
-symptoms
- treatment

Back 10

 Trichomoniasis
× Causitive agent: Trichomonas vaginalis- aerobic protozoan
× Inhabitant of vagina and urethra in males
× Males have no symptoms of infection
× Symptoms in female: irritation and itching with the discharge
× Treatment: metranidazol- administered to both partners

Front 11

True or false?

× Bacteria are a common cause in STDs

Back 11

true

Front 12

true or false.

× Bacteria causing STDs survive on inanimate objects and are thus transmitted via sexual intercourse

Back 12

FALSE

× Bacteria causing STDs survive POORLY on inanimate objects and are thus transmitted via sexual intercourse

Front 13

Examples of bacterial STDs ____

Back 13

 Gonorrhea
 Syphilis
 Chlamydial infections

Front 14

What causes  Gonorrhea and how is the infection started?

Back 14

× Causitive agent: Neisseria gonorrheae
× Diplococci (Gonococcus) are attached to epithelial cells by fimbriae
× The infection is followed by inflammation

Front 15

what are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

Back 15

× Symptoms in males: painful urination and discharge of pus (few days after infection).
× Females are asymtomatic (in most cases). (Abdominal pain as the result of pelvic inflammatory disease)

Front 16

what are the complications of Gonorrhea?

Back 16

× Complications of gonorrhea

- If not treated (both males and females)
× Gonorrheal endocarditis, gonorrheal meningitis, gonorrheal arthritis, gonorrheal infection of eyes and pharynx

- In males:
× Blockage of urethra and sprem carrying tube (sterility)

- in females:
× untreated gonorrhea may lead to ophtalmia neonatorum
o blindness caused by infectioin of infants during the birth

Front 17

What is the treatment for Gonorrhea?

Back 17

× Treatment: Penicillin, ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins (high rate of resistant strains)
× There is no adaptive immunity

Front 18

Can men get Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Back 18

No, women only.

Front 19

what is Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

- cause
-effects
-signs/symptoms
-incubation period
-treatment

Back 19

 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)- women only

× Inflammation of the uterus and fallopian tubes
× Cause: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamidia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis (rarely)
× Untreated PID can cuase ectopic pregnancy or streility
× Signs/ symptoms: inflammation of uterine tubes, fever, abdominal pain
× Incubation period: months to years after infection
× Treatment: cephalosporin

Front 20

true or false

× Chlamydia is the least frequently reported bacterial STD in the united states

Back 20

FALSE

× Chlamydia is the MOST frequently reported bacterial STD in the united states

Front 21

why is chlamydia known as the silent diease?

Back 21

× Known as a “silent” disease because about ¾ of infected women and ½ of infected men have no symptoms whatsoever

Front 22

What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

Back 22

× Symptoms in women:
- The bacteria initially infect the cervix and the urethra; might have an abnormal vaginal discharge or a burning sensation when urinating
- If not treated- pelvic inflammatory disease

× Symptoms in men
- Discharge from the penis or a burning sensation when urinating


-Up to 25% of women treated for chlamidia get reinfected within three to six months

Front 23

what causes  Syphilis?

Back 23

× Causitive agent- Treponema pallidum, Gr- spirochete


Cannot be grown on artificial media

Front 24

how is syphilis transmitted and what is the incubation period?

Back 24

× Transmitted by sexual contact
- Can also be transmitted from mother to fetus

× Incubation is between 2 weeks to several months

Front 25

what are the stages of syphilis?

Back 25

The disease has several stages:

× Primary stage
~Soft chancre- small lesions on the skin in the site of infection
~10-90 days after infection
~They are painless and later disappear
~The bacteria enter the blood stream

× Secondary stage
~Seceral weeks aftr the primary stage0 skin rashes and lesions (contains bacteria), infection by non-sexual contact is possible
~The symptoms disappear and the disease remains latent for 2-4 years (non- infectious stage)

× Tertiary stage
~Largely non-transmissible
~Primary and secondary syphilis are not disabling- if not treated prodresses to 3rd stage
~Lesions called gummas (rubbery thickening of the skin or internal organs)- not very infectious
~Organs affected- cardiovascular system, and brain resulting in personality change, blindness and seizure

Front 26

How is syphilis diagnosed and what is the treatment for it?

Back 26

 Syphilis
× Diagnosis of primary, secondary, and congenital syphilis: presence of specific antibody against T. pallidum antigens

× Treatment: Benzathin penicillin- long lasting, remains in body for 2 weeks

Front 27

what is  Congenial Syphilis?

Back 27

× Occurs when a child is born to a mother with seconday or tertiary syphilis
× Some infants have symptoms at birth, but most develop symptoms later (23.16 b)

Front 28

what causes  Genital Herpes ?

Back 28

× Causitive agent: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
× HSV-1 can also cause Genital Herpes

Front 29

what are the symptoms of genital herpes?

Back 29

× Symptoms: (one week after infection) Asymptomatic, or vesicles appear on the skin of genital organs, painful urination
 Blisters may form at sites far from initial infection site
× Rarely meningitis or encephalitis may occue
× Vesicles disappear in 2 weeks
× Herpesvirus kills epithelial cells at infection site

Front 30

true or flase

Herpevirus doesn't kill epithelial cells at infection site, it kills connective cells.

Back 30

FALSE.

× Herpesvirus kills epithelial cells at infection site

Front 31

Describe if Herpes virus remains latent and where?

Back 31

× Virus remains in a latent state in nerve cells Reactivation of a virus can happen every 3-4 months

Front 32

is there a cure for herpes?

Back 32

no

but

× Acyclovir alleviates the symptoms
× Valaclovir if taken daily reduces sexual transmission

Front 33

Describe  Wart Diesase

-cause
-symptoms
-prevention
-treatment

Back 33

× Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)- more then 90 different types of this virus
× Symptoms: warts- outgrowth of tissue on the genital or on the skin in the groin area
× Some types of HPV in females can lead to malignancies of the cervix (HPV-16 and HPV-18)
× The existing vaccine provides protection against 4 types of HPV. Recommended for girls age 9
× Prevention: Precancerous changes can be detected early- Pap smear
× The affected tissue is removed

Front 34

what is the most causative agent for urinary tract infections?

Back 34

e.coli

Front 35

true or false
 The secondary stage of syphilis infection of non sexual contact is possible

Back 35

true