Microbiology- Chapter 20 (Diseases Of The Cardiovascular And Lymphatic System)

Front 1

What are the three parts of the cardiovascular system?

Back 1

Composed of three parts:
-Heart
-Blood
-Blood vessels


-Heart pumps blood into arteries that are connected to veins via capillaries

-Arteries carry blood away from the heart

-Veins carry blood to the heart

Front 2

What is the lymphatic system?

Back 2

-Plasma can leave the blood vessels and circulate in the interstitial space (space between tissue cells).

-Plasma collects metabolic product and carries them to the lymphatic system (it can also pick up the microbes and disseminate the infection).

-When inside the lymphatic system, plasma is called – lymph.

Front 3

True or false.

Blood is normally sterile

Back 3

TRUE

Front 4

What is Endocarditis.

Back 4

-Involves inflammation of endocardium and heart valves

-Endocardium- the inner layer of heart muscle

Front 5

List and describe the conditions of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system.

Back 5

Bacteremia – presence of bacteria in the blood

-Septicemia – microorganisms are actively multiplying in the blood

-Septic shock- condition in which gr- bacteria release the endotoxin (can be caused by antibiotic treatment)

-Lymphangitis – infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

Front 6

What are the two types of Endocarditis?

Back 6

-Two types of endocarditis
-Acute
-Subacute

Front 7

Describe acute bacterial endocarditis.

Back 7

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

-Staphylococcus aureus is transferred from original infection site to the heart (traumatic injury or surgical procedure)

-Colonize heart valves (vegetations)

– cardiac malfunction

-It causes a rapid destruction of heart valves

-If untreated, can be fatal within a few days

Front 8

Describe subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Back 8

Subactue bacterial endocarditis

-The disease develops slowly

-Bacteria grow on preexisting lesions

-If not treated, the disease is fatal within a few months

-Caused by a-hemolytic streptococci

-The microorganisms enter the blood during the tooth extraction or tonsillectomy. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment

Front 9

What causes the plague ( black death)?

Back 9

Caused by Yersinia pestis – Gr- rod shaped bacteria

Front 10

Describe the plague.

Back 10

-Caused by Yersinia pestis – Gr- rod shaped bacteria

-Normally infects rats (other rodents)

-Transmitted by rat flea and airborne droplets

-Bacterium enters the blood and lymph where it proliferates

-Symptoms: enlargement of lymph nodes in armpit and groins – buboes – bubonic plague. Mortality 50-75%

Front 11

Describe Bubonic plague

Back 11

-characterized by enlarged inflamed lymph nodes called buboes

Front 12

Describe Pneumonic plague

Back 12

occurs when the bacterium spreads to the lungs- mortality 100%

-Treatment: streptomycin, tetracycline.

-Vaccine is available

*Prevention: through rodent and flea control and good personal hygiene

Front 13

What causes Lyme disease?

Back 13

The causative agent is Borrelia burgdorferi – a spirochete

Front 14

What are the three phases of Lyme disease?

Back 14

Expanding red rash that often resembles a bull’s eye
-Flu-like symptoms, antibiotics effective

Neurological symptoms
-Heart is effected, facial paralysis, meningitis

Severe arthritis:
-Months or years later

Front 15

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

Back 15

-The vector is the deer tick of the genus lxodes

-Involves two hosts: white tailed deer and white footed mouse

-The larva feeds on white-footed mouse – picks up the bacteria

-The adult tick lives on deer

Front 16

What is the prevention and treatment of Lyme disease?

Back 16

-Prevention: protective clothing

-Treatment: Doxycyclin, penicillin

Front 17

what causes Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono)?

Back 17

-Caused by EB (Epstein-Barr) virus

-The virus multiplies in the lymph glands

Front 18

Describe Mono.

Back 18

-Caused by EB (Epstein-Barr) virus

-The virus multiplies in the lymph glands

-Transmission: Saliva (kissing), drinking vessels

-Symptoms: swelling of lymph nodes and spleen, proliferation of special type of lymphocytes, rupture(rapture?) of spleen possible

-Recovery in a few weeks

-Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms

Front 19

what causes yellow fever?

Back 19

Caused by Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos (Aedes aegypti)

Front 20

describe yellow fever.

Back 20

-Caused by Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos (Aedes aegypti)

-Limited to the tropical areas of Central and South America and Africa. Monkey serve as reservoir

-Symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting

-Yellowing of the skin as result of liver damage

-Action: Control of mosquito population

Front 21

describe Ebolia Virus

Back 21

Ebolia Virus appeared in Africa

-Reservoir probably in fruit bats

-The infection spread by blood and body fluids

-The virus lives in the bloodstream – causes capillary fragility

-Massive internal and external bleeding

-Mortality rate: between 25-100%

Front 22

what causes Brucellosis and how is it transmitted?

Back 22

-Caused by Brucella- small, Gr- rod-like bacterium

-Found in cattle, pigs, goats, and camels

-Transmitted to humans by unpasteurized milk, by contact with diseased animal

Front 23

Describe how Brucellosis affects the body.

Back 23

-The bacterium enters the human body through minute abrasions of the skin or mucous membrane

-Multiplies inside the macrophage, travels through lymphatic system to lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow
-
Symptom: chills and fever that spikes each evening

Front 24

what is the treatment for brucellosis?

Back 24

-Treatment: tetracycline and streptomycine

Front 25

what causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and how is transmitted?

Back 25

-Caused by bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii

-Transmitted by ticks

Front 26

describe rocky mountrain spotted fever.

Back 26

-In the US first detected in Rocky Mountains – Montana

-Most frequent in the Southeast

-Symptoms: fever, chills, headaches, muscular pain, spotted rash, hypotension, bleeding

-Skin lesion merge, may become necrotic – gangrene

-Treatment: doxocycline

Front 27

what causes malaria?

Back 27

-Causative agent: protozoan – Plasmodium

-Four plasmodium species cause malaria
-P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae

-Disease severity depends on the species

Front 28

what are the sings and symptoms of malaria?

Back 28

-Cyclic symptoms that correlate with the parasite’s life cycle: Fever and chills recur every two to three days as erythrocytes lyse

-Other symptoms include anemia, fatigue, and jaundice

Front 29

how is malaria diagnosed?

Back 29

-Diagnosis
-Blood smear – presence of trophozoites or other Plasmodium stages

Front 30

what is the prevention and treatment of malaria?

Back 30

-Treatment
-Standard drug is chloroquine except with drug resistant cases
-Usually effective except in severe falciparum cases

-Prevention
-Limiting contact with mosquitoes
-Used of insecticides

Front 31

How is malaria transmitted?

Back 31

-Spread by female mosquito – Anopheles

-Sporozoits – asexual phase of plasmodium is injected in to human’s bloodstream

-Invade liver cells – develop into merozoits

-Enter erythrocytes – burst out

-Ingested by another mosquito

Front 32

what causes Anthrax?

Back 32

Bacillus anthracis

Front 33

what is the treatment of anthrax?

Back 33

Doxycyline, ciprofloxacin and penicillin

Front 34

Why is HIV different than AIDS?

Back 34

-HIV – a causative agent

-AIDS – denotes a final stage of infection

Front 35

what are the subtypes of HIV?

Back 35

Subtypes of HIV

HIV-1 has 11 clades mostly in the Western World (clades are a subversion of a virus)


HIV-2 in Western Africa

Front 36

What does HIV affect

Back 36

-Virus specifically infects T-cells (types of white blood cells)

Front 37

what are the components of HIV?

Back 37

-HIV is a retrovirus, its components are:

-Two strands of RNA

-The enzyme reverse transcriptase
-
Envelope – lipoprotein with spikes –gp120

Front 38

explain HIV reproduction.

Back 38

HIV reproduction

-Virus enters through the mucus membrane

-Glycoprotein spikes (gp120) on the virus surface recognize the CD4 receptors on the T cell surface

-Co-receptors are also required (chemokin-CCR5)

-Virus penetrates the T cell

-After uncoating, the reverse transcriptase produces double-stranded DNA

-This DNA is now incorporated into host DNA (provirus) – remains latent

-Reactivated provirus produces viral mRNA

-Synthesis of coat proteins, mature virus is released by budding

-New virus particle may not be released – latent virion

Front 39

what are the stages of HIV infection?

Back 39

-Category A- Swollen lymph nodes are the only symptoms

-Category B- Yeast infection of mouth, throat, or vagina

-Category C – All symptoms of AIDS- yeast infection, tuberculosis, Kaposi’s sarcoma *a form of skin cancer*

Front 40

what is an indicator for AIDS progression?

Back 40

-The number of T cells is an indicator of AIDS progression

-Normal number of T cells =800-1000/mm(third power)

-Below 200/mm3(to the third power) – AIDS

-About 5% of infected persons do not develop symptoms of AIDS (less virulent virus strain or T cells more effective, deletion in CCR5)