Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the etymology (origin) of the word vaccine?
|
From vacca, meaning cow. b/c of Inoculation of cowpox virus into skin to prevent small pox (Jenner)
|
|
|
Vaccination is often the only feasible way to control most viral diseases; why is this?
|
Viruses are cannot often be effectively treated once they are contracted
|
|
|
Experience has shown that attenuated vaccines tend to be more effective than inactivated vaccines. Why?
|
Attenuated: living but weakened microbes used; more closely mimic an actual infection; virus replicates in the body, increasing the original dose. (Polio, MMR)
|
|
|
Which is more likely to be useful in preventing a disease caused by an encapsulated bacterium such as the pneumococcus: a subunit vaccine or a nucleic acid vaccine?
|
Subunit: contains antigenic fragments
(nucleic- vaccine made up of DNA in the form of plasmid) |
|
|
Which type of vaccine did Louis Pasteur develop, whole-agent, recombinant, or DNA?
|
??
Recombinant? |
|
|
What is the derivation of the word adjuvant?
|
adjuvants: chemicals added to improve effectiveness of antigens;
from adjuvare, meaning to help |
|
|
What is the name of a currently used oral vaccine that occasionally causes the disease it is intended to prevent?
|
oral polio
|
|
|
Sensitivity
|
Probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive
|
|
|
Specificity
|
Probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative
|
|
|
What property of the immune system suggested its use as an aid for diagnosing disease: specificity or sensitivity?
|
Specificity
|
|
|
The blood of an infected cow would have a considerable amount of antibodies against the infectious pathogen in its blood. How would an equivalent amount of monoclonal antibodies be more useful?
|
Mabs: specific antibodies produced in vitro by a clone of B cells hybridized with cancerous cells.
-they are uniform -they are highly specific |
|
|
Why does the reaction of a precipitation test become visible only in a narrow range?
|
The ratio of antigen-antibody has to be optimal
|
|
|
Why wouldn’t a direct agglutination test work very well with viruses?
|
It is maid to detect antibodies against relatively large cellular antigens (RBC, bacteria, fungi)
|
|
|
Which test detects soluble antigens, agglutination or precipitation?
|
Precipitation;
agglutination reactions involve particulate antigens. |
|
|
Certain diagnostic tests require red blood cells that clump visibly. What are these tests called?
|
Direct agglutination tests
|
|
|
In what way is there a connection between hemagglutination and certain viruses?
|
Hemagglutination: agglutination reactions involving the clumping of RBC; certain viruses can agglutinate RBC w/o an antigen-antibody reaction
|
|
|
Which of these tests is an antigen–antibody reaction: precipitation or viral hemaglutination inhibition?
|
Precipitation
|
|
|
Why is complement given its name?
|
It is used in antigen-antibody reactions.
|
|
|
Direct fluorescent-antibody test
|
Detect presence of an antigen
|
|
|
Indirect fluorescent-antibody test
|
Detect presence of specific antibodies
|
|
|
ELISA test
|
a group of serological tests that use enzyme reactions as indicators. (direct: detects antigens; indirect: detects antibodies)
|
|
|
How are antibodies detected in Western blotting?
|
Electrophoresis separates the protein mixture; it is transferred to a protein-binding sheet and flooded with an enzyme-linked antibody; the antigen is located with a color reacting label
|
|
|
How has the development of monoclonal antibodies revolutionized diagnostic immunology?
|
Makes available large, economical amounts of specific antibodies, allowing for many newer diagnostic tests that are more sensitive, specific, rapid, and simpler.
|
