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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differentiate biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology.
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Biotechnology- the use of microorganisms to make a product
rDNA- genetically engineering microorganisms to produce chemicals |
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In one sentence, describe how a vector and clone are used.
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The cell containing the recombinant vector is grown in culture to form a clone of many genetically identical cells, which each carry a copy of the vector.
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How are selection and mutation used in biotechnology?
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Selection- artificial to select desirable breeds of animals or strains of plants to cultivate
Mutations- able to increase fungi penicillin production by 1000x. |
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What is the value of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?
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A special class of DNA-cutting enzymes, used to produce DNA fragments with sticky ends
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What criteria must a vector meet?
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-Self replication
-Manipulatable size (small) -Preservation |
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Why is a vector used in recombinant DNA technology?
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They serve as vehicles for the replication of desired DNA sequences.
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For what is each of the following used in PCR (polymerase chain reaction): primer, DNA polymerase, 94°C?
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Primer- short pieces of nucleic acids help start the reaction
DNA poly- synthesizes new, complementary DNA strands 94°C- temperature set by the thermalcycler |
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Contrast the five ways of putting DNA into a cell.
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Transformation- cells take up DNA from surroundings
Electroporation- electric current forms microscopic pores in the cell membrane Protoplast Fusion- natural recombination from DNA of 2 parent cells through the fusion of protoplasts Inject DNA- using a gene gun through thick cellulose walls Microinjection- for animal cells, micropipet punctures plasma membrane |
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What is the purpose of a genomic library?
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To maintain and retrieve DNA clones
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Why isn’t cDNA (complementary DNA) synthetic?
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It is produced from an mRNA template with the use of reverse transcriptase enzymes from an artificial gene containing only exons.
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How are recombinant clones identified?
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Through colony hybridization, which uses a DNA probe that is complementary to the identified gene
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What types of cells are used for cloning rDNA?
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?
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Explain how rDNA technology can be used to treat disease and to prevent disease.
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-Human hormone production
-Subunit vaccines; contain only the protein portion of pathogen -DNA vaccines; plasmids encode a viral protein under transcriptional control of promoter region -Gene Therepy; replace defective/mutated genes |
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What is gene silencing?
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A natural mechanism to inhibit gene expression. Small interfering RNA target a particular gene, and then bind to mRNA causing its enzymatic destruction, silencing its expression.
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How are shotgun sequencing, bioinformatics, and proteomics related to the Human Genome Project?
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Shotgun- technique for determining the nucleotide sequence in an organism by sequencing small pieces of the genome
Bioinformatics- science of understanding the function of genes with computer analysis Proteomics- science of determining all of the proteins in a cell |
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What is Southern blotting?
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A hybridization technique where a sequence of a mutated gene is used as a diagnostic tool.
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Why do RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) result in a DNA fingerprint?
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They are specific fragments of digested DNA, which holds a specific code, and are separated by gel electrophoresis.
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Of what value is the plant pathogen Agrobacterium?
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It naturally produces a vector plasmid for plants: Ti plasmid.
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Identify two advantages and two problems associated with genetically modified organisms.
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Good: Less pesticide use, lower costs and higher crop yield
Bad: moral issues, super-weeds, cross-pollination |
