Intro To Philosophy Chapter 1-3

Front 1

Self-understanding

Back 1

Knowing one’s true self behind the masks

Front 2

Philosophy

Back 2

Love of wisdom

Front 3

Who made the term “philosopher” famous?

Back 3

Socrates

Front 4

Philosophy is the love and pursuit of wisdom

Back 4

Pythagoras and socrates said this

Front 5

What components make a question philosophical?

Back 5

God, meaning, freedom, moral rightness

Front 6

“Philosophy is the asking of questions about the meaning of our most basic concepts”

Back 6

3rd definition of philosophy

Front 7

Philosophy is the search for fundamental beliefs that are rationally justified

Back 7

4th definition

Front 8

Using argument and evidence

Back 8

logic

Front 9

The area in philosophy concerned with fundamental questions about the nature of reality

Back 9

Metaphysics

Front 10

The search for knowledge

Back 10

Epistemology

Front 11

Existence of god, the problem with evil, the relationship of faith and reason constitute this area of philosophy

Back 11

Philosophy of religion

Front 12

Differentiating of right from wrong (morally)

Back 12

Ethics

Front 13

Studying various forms of government

Back 13

Political philosophy

Front 14

What is philosophical approach?

Back 14

1) general problem solving

2) communication skills

3) persuasive powers

4) writing skills

Front 15

A formal defense

Back 15

Apology

Front 16

“Reductio ad absurdum” means...

Back 16

Reducing to an absurdity

Front 17

Sophists

Back 17

An influential group of philosophers

Front 18

Two assertions that could not both be true under any possible circumstances

Back 18

Logical inconsistency

Front 19

An assertion that implies that it itself cannot be true, cannot be known to be true, or should not be believed

Back 19

Self-referential inconsistency

Front 20

An argument that claimed that the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises

Back 20

Deductive argument

Front 21

And argument in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion highly probable

Back 21

Inductive argument

Front 22

An argument in which it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false

Back 22

Valid argument

Front 23

A valid argument with true premises

Back 23

Sound argument

Front 24

A strong argument that has true premises

Back 24

Cogent argument

Front 25

The type of monism that claims that reality is entirely mental or spiritual in nature

Back 25

Idealism

Front 26

The principal that we should eliminate(shave off) all unnecessary entities and explanatory principles in our theories

Back 26

Ockham’s razor

Front 27

The area of metaphysics that asks what is most fundamentally real

Back 27

Ontology

Front 28

The claim that the mind and body(which includes the brain)are separate entities

Back 28

Mind-body dualism

Front 29

The theory that human beings can be explained completely and adequately in terms of their physical or material components

Back 29

Physicalism

Front 30

A type of dualism that claims that the mind and body, though different, casually interact with one another

Back 30

Interactionism

Front 31

A type of physicalism that denies the existence of a separate, nonphysical mind but retains language that refers to the mind; also called reductionism

Back 31

Identity theory

Front 32

A type of physicalism that denies the existence of separate, nonphysical mind and discards all language that refers to mental events

Back 32

Eliminativism

Front 33

A philosophy that claims that the mind is characterized by particular patterns of input-processing-output

Back 33

Functionalism

Front 34

Pejorative term used by eliminativists to characterize traditional psychological theories

Back 34

Folk psychology

Front 35

The property by which something can be realized in multiple ways and in a different media

Back 35

Multiple realizability

Front 36

A test produced by alan turing to determine whether a computer can think or not

Back 36

Turing test

Front 37

The claim that an appropriately programmed computer really is a mind and can be said to literally understand, believe, and have other cognitive states

Back 37

Strong AI thesis

Front 38

The the claim that artificial intelligence research may help us explore various theoretical models of human mental processes while acknowledging that computers only simulate mental activities

Back 38

Weak AI thesis

Front 39

A feature of certain mental states (such as beliefs) bu which they are directed at or are about objects or states of affairs in the world

Back 39

Intentionality

Front 40

Freedom from external forces

Back 40

Circumstantial freedom

Front 41

Freedom from external forces

Back 41

Circumstantial freedom

Front 42

Free will

Back 42

Metaphysical freedom

Front 43

The claim that all events are the necessary result of previous causes

Back 43

Determinism

Front 44

The claim that determinism is incompatible with the sort of freedom required to be morally responsible for our behavior

Back 44

Incompatibilism

Front 45

The dual claims that having metaphysical freedom is a necessity condition for people to be morally responsible for their choices in any meaningful sense of the word and we do not have the metaphysical freedom required for moral responsibility

Back 45

Hard determinism

Front 46

The thesis that we do have metaphysical freedom; a rejection of determinism

Back 46

Libertarianism

Front 47

The thesis that we are both determined and have the sort of freedom necessary to be morally responsible for our actions; sometimes called soft determinism

Back 47

Compatibilism

Front 48

One who believes in god is the ultimate cause of everything that happens in the world, including human as actions

Back 48

Theological determinism

Front 49

The belief that god constitutes the whole of reality and everything in nature, including individual persons, are modes or aspects of god’s being

Back 49

Pantheism

Front 50

A version of libertarianism that rejects both determinism and indeterminism; this theory claims that events are brought about by agents

Back 50

Agency theory

Front 51

Occurs when prior event necessarily causes a subsequent event

Back 51

Event-causation

Front 52

Occurs when an event is brought about through the free action of an agent(person, self)

Back 52

Agent-causation

Front 53

Sartre’s term for those features of our past and present that we were not free to choose and yet they seem to set limits on the course of our lives

Back 53

Facticity

Front 54

Sartre’s term for the root of our freedom, for our ability to define ourselves by our possibilities and all the ways in which each of us is continually creating our own future in terms of our choices, plans, dreams, and ambitions

Back 54

Transcendence

Front 55

Sartre’s term for the root of our freedom, for our ability to define ourselves by our possibilities and all the ways in which each of us is continually creating our own future in terms of our choices, plans, dreams, and ambitions

Back 55

Transcendence

Front 56

Sartre’s term for when we deny our freedom and our freedom and our responsibility for who we are

Back 56

Bad faith

Front 57

The area of philosophy that deals with questions concerning knowledge and that considers various theories of knowledge

Back 57

Epistemology

Front 58

The claim that we do not have knowledge

Back 58

Skepticism

Front 59

The claim that we do not have knowledge

Back 59

Skepticism

Front 60

The claim that reason or the intellect is the primary source of our fundamental knowledge about reality

Back 60

Rationalism

Front 61

The claim that sense experience is the sole source of out knowledge about the world

Back 61

Empirism

Front 62

Based on experience

Back 62

Empirical

Front 63

Knowledge justified independently of, or prior to, experience

Back 63

A priori knowledge

Front 64

Knowledge based on, or posterior to, experience

Back 64

A posteriori knowledge

Front 65

Knowledge justified independently of, or prior to, experience

Back 65

A priori knowledge

Front 66

Knowledge based on, or posterior to, experience

Back 66

A posteriori knowledge

Front 67

The claim that knowledge is neither already in the mind nor passively received from experience but that the mind constructs knowledge out of the materials of experience

Back 67

Constructivism

Front 68

The claim that there is no universal, objective knowledge of reality because all knowledge is relative to either the individual or his or her culture

Back 68

Epistemological relativism

Front 69

Strategies used by skeptics to attack knowledge claims by showing that there are possible states of affairs that would prevent us from ever distinguishing true beliefs from false ones

Back 69

Universal belief falsifers

Front 70

Ideas that are inborn; ideas or principles that the mind already contains prior to experience

Back 70

Innate ideas

Front 71

A logical principle that states that it is impossible for something to be A and not -A at the same time

Back 71

Law of no contradiction

Front 72

The properties of an object that can be mathematically expressed and scientifically studied, that is, the properties of solidity, extension, shape, motion, or rest, and number

Back 72

Primary qualities

Front 73

The properties of an object that are subjectively perceived, that are the effects the object has on our sense organs, and whose appearances are different from the object that produces that, that is, the properties of color, sound, taste, and smell

Back 73

Secondary qualities

Front 74

The position that maintains that ultimate reality is mental or spiritual in nature

Back 74

Idealism

Front 75

The assumption that the future will be like the past

Back 75

Principle of induction

Front 76

The assumption that the future will be like the past

Back 76

Principle of induction

Front 77

The thesis that the laws of nature that have been true thus far will continue to be true tomorrow

Back 77

Uniformity of nature

Front 78

Knowledge that is based on experience and that adds new info to the subject

Back 78

Synthetic a posteriori knowledge

Front 79

Knowledge that is based on experience and that adds new info to the subject

Back 79

Synthetic a posteriori knowledge

Front 80

Knowledge acquired through reason, independently of experience, that is universal and necessary, and provides info about the world

Back 80

Synthetic a prioiri knowledge

Front 81

In Kant’s theory, the things as they appear to us that exist in the world of our experience, which is partially constructed by the mind

Back 81

Phenomena

Front 82

In Kant’s theory, the things in themselves that exist outside our experience

Back 82

Noumena

Front 83

The claim that there is no universal, objective knowledge of reality because all knowledge is relative to either the individual or his or her culture

Back 83

Epistemological relativism

Front 84

The claim that there is one set of universal truths or facts about the world and that these truths are independent of us

Back 84

Epistemological objectivism

Front 85

The claim that beliefs are relative to each person’s individual perspective

Back 85

Subjectivism

Front 86

The claim that all beliefs are relative to a particular culture

Back 86

Cultural relativism

Front 87

A theory that states that (1) reality has a determinant, objective character, and (2) a belief or statement is true or false to the degree to which it corresponds to or represents the objective features of reality

Back 87

Correspondence theory of truth

Front 88

The theory that there cannot be any uninterpreted “facts” or “truth,” because everything we encounter is seen from one perspective or another

Back 88

Perspectivism

Front 89

A philosophy that stresses the intimate relation between thought and action by defining the meaning of conceptions in terms of the practical effects we associate with them and the truth of our beliefs in terms of how successfully they guide pur actions

Back 89

Pragmatism

Front 90

Believing that both men and women are equal

Back 90

Feminism

Front 91

A consensus within the community of scientists concerning what fundamental laws and theoretical assumptions are to be embraced, what problems need to be solved, how they should be conceptualized, and what phenomena are relevant to their solution

Back 91

Paradigm

Front 92

The traditional view that science is capable of giving us true accounts of the world that the entities that play a role in our best scientific theories actually exist independent of our conceptual frameworks

Back 92

Scientific realism

Front 93

The claim that scientific theories do not give us a literally true account of the world, but that they provide us with fruitful models, calculating devices, useful fictions, and ways to systematize our experience

Back 93

Scientific anti-realism