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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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determinism
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belief that all behavior is caused and is therefore not free
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empiricism
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contention that an attribute is determined by experience rather than by genetics. Within epistemology, it is the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
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epiphenomenalism
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contention that mental events are the by products of bodily events. Bodily events cause mental events but mental events cannot cause bodily events. Mental events, therefore, can be ignored in the analysis of human behavior
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epistemology
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study of the nature of human knowledge
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hedonism
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contention that the major motive in life is to seek pleasure and to avoid pain
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heurisitic function of a theory
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theory's ability to generate new information
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human nature
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those qualities that characterize all humans.
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idiographic research
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intense study of a single personq
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individual differences
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important ways in which humans differ from one another. one of the tasks of the personlality theorist is to describe and explain this
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interactionism
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contention that the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind. That is, the mind and the body are causually related.
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introspection
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self examination. directing one's thoughs inward to discover the truth about oneself
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mind-body problem
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problem of spcifiying how something mental can influence something physical, such as the body and vice-versa
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nativism
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contention that an attribute is determined by genetics rather than by experience
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nativism-empiricism controversy
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argument concernting the extnet to which an attribute, such as intelligence, is influenced by inheritance as opposed to experience.
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Nomothetic research.
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Study of group of individuals
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Paradigm
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term used by Kuhn to describe a theorietical viewpoint shared by many researchers
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parallelism
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contention that an evironmental event causees both mental and bodily reactions at the same time. According to this proposed anser to the mind-body question, bodily and mental phenomena run parallel to each other and are therefore not causually related
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person variables
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variables contained within persons thought to be responsible for their behavior. Traits, habits, memories, information-processing mechanisms, and repressed early experiences exemplify person variables
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persona
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latin word meaning mask
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physical monism
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aka materialism: contention that no mind-body problem exists b/c no mind exists. No mental events occur, only physial events
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principle of falsifiablity/principle of refutability
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popper's contention that the scientific theory must make risky predictions; that is, it must make preictions that could conceivably be false and, if so, would refute the theory
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principle of verification
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the stipulation that scientific propositions must be capable of objective, empirical testing that is abialable to any intersted person
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rationalism
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belief that knowledge can be gained only by exercising the mind, for example by thinking, deducing, and referring
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risky predictions
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predicitons that run the risk of being incorrect. Accordin got popper for a theory to be considered scientific it must make risky predictions
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science
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epistemological pursuit that combines the philosophical scholls of empiricism and rationalism
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scientific theory
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comibination of the philosphical schools of rationalism and empiricism with 2 major functions: to synthesize many observations and to generate new information
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self
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concept employed by several personality theorists to account for the facts that human behavior is smooth running, consistent, and well organized. This concept has been used to explain why we are aware of ourselves as individuals
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self-actualization
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situation that exists when a person is acting in accordance with his or her potential
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synthesizing fxn of a thoery
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a theory ability to organize and explain several otherwise disjointed observations
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teleological behavior
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purposive behavior
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private definition of personality
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stresses private, central, inner core: examples) motives, fantasies, attitudes
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social definiton of personality
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public, social stimulus or organized behavioral characteristics that are visible
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global definition of personality
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composite of qualities or characterisitics: sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, social qualities
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pleasure principle
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the id
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reservoir of psychic energy: Freud
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the id
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primary process of the mind:Freud
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id
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satisfy through wish fullfillment
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id
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oldest most basic part of the personality
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id
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seek pleasure in all costs
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id
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immediate gratification
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id
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satisfies impulses in the real world
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ego
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reality principle and delayed gratification
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ego
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secondary process- actually satisfies needs in real world
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ego
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executive of personality
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ego
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morality of personality
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superego
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conscience- punished behavior
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ego
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ego-idea: everything rewarded for
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ego
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dynamics of personality
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1. instincts as psychic energy
2. psychological and psychic energy can be transformed into the other 3. anxiety |
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psychological and psychic energy can be transformed into the other by:
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sexual instinct- life instinct
destructive instinct- death instinct |
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signal to the ego of danger which requires response
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anxiety
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comes from internal conflict that exists b/c ego is threatened and could be overpowered/that's who deals with it by using restraining forces to keep things under control
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anxiety
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3 forms of anxiety
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realistic
neurotic moral |
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in the real world, things that could really cause you anxiety
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realistic
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imaginary fear of punishment from someone else
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neurotic
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fear of being punished by yourself
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moral
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tension reducers that fxn on an unconscious level and distory reality
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defense mechanisms
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ego used restraining force to effect_____: the form of this which is conscious is:
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repression : suppression
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ego blocking wish or desire from being consciously entertained
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repression
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attributing an unconscious impule, attitude or behavior to someone else
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projection
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expressing an impulse by its opposite
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reaction formation
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returning to an earlier form of expressing an impulse ex:
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regression
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alcohol/oral fixation
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regression
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dealing with an emotion intellectually to avoid emotional involvement
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rationalization
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modeling behavior after someone else REAlly
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identification
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satisfying an impulse with a substitute object
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displacement
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rechannelingrechanneling an impulse into a more socially desireable outlet
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sublimation
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6 research methods/applications
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1. free association
2. transference 3. dream analysis 4. parapraxes/Freudian slips 5. resistanc 6. case studies |
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Critique of Theory
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1. high on generating research
2. moderate on organizing knwon data, guiding action, and parsimony 3. low on internal consistency 4. very low on falsifiablity |
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Freud's concept of humanity
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1. deterministic and pessimistic
2. causality over teleology 3. unconscious 4. biology 5. equal emphasis on uniqueness and similarity |
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areas of pleasure are the mouth, lips, tongue,
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oral stage (0-8months)
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reduces tensions/achieves pleasure by sucking and swallowing,
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oral stage (0-8)
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areas of pleausre are the teeth, gums, and jaw
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oral stage (8-1yr)
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reduces tensions/achieves pleasure by biting and devouring
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(8-1yr)
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overt activities are eating, smoking, kissing
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oral stage (0-8)
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overt activities are fingernail biting and eating
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oral (8-1)
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symbolic activities are good listeners and gullible
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oral stage (0-8)
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symbolic activities are sarcasm and ridicule
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oral stage (8-1)
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personality type is oral incorporative
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oral (0-8)
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personality type is oral-sadistic
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(8-1)
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areas of pleasure are the anus and buttocks
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anal (1-2)
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reduces tension- feces expulsion
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1st half of anal stage
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reduces tension- feces possession
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last half of anal stage
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overt activities enuresis
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1st half of anal stage
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overt activities constipation
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2nd half of anal stage
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symbolic activities are overly generous, messy
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anal-1st
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symbolic activity is perfectionism
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anal-2nd
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personality type is anal-expulsive
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anal 1st
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personality type is anal retentive
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anal 2nd
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area of pleasure is the genitals
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phallic stage (3-5 yrs)
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reduces tension and achieves pleasure by repressing sexual feelings
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latency stage (6-12)
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seeks heterosexual relationships if fixated here
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genital stage (12+ yrs)
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birth to adolescence
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the childhood
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focusing on psychic energy, eating, sleeping, learning to walk/talk
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birth
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forming more stable relationship
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adolescence
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focus psychic energy-forming more stable relationships: marrying/kids
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period from puberty until middle life
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begins at approx 35-40: when trying to figure out why you're here, find meaning of life, spiritual
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middle life
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diminution of sonsciousness: death is the goal of life-accepting
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old age
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individuation or full expression of everything you are: constantly happening
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self realization
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harmounious blending of psyche components and the process of becoming an individual or whole person
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self realization
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jungs concept of humanity
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1. biology over nature
2. unconscious over conscious 3. similarity over uniquenss 3. equal emphasis on free will/determinism, causality/teleology, and optimism/pessimism |
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critiques of jung
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1. moderate on organizing research, and organizing known data: low on guding action, internal consistency and parsimony: very low on falsifiablity
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critiques of frued
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high on generating research
moderate on organizing known data, guiding action, and parsimony low on internal consistency very low on falsifiablity |
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concept of humanity
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1. determinism and pessimism
2. causality 3. unconscious 4. biology equal emphasis on uniqueness and similarity |
