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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Outline principles that define the cognitive level of analysis
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-Human are information processors and that mental processes guide behavior
-The mind can be studied scientifically -Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors |
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What is schema theory
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A cognitive theory about information processing. A cognitive schema can be said as networks of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations of the world
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What are the three processes happening in the schema theory?
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Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
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What is Anderson and Pichert's experiment
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Aimed to investigate whether schema processing influences encoding and retrieval of memory.
This experiment uses the story of a house which has a burglar schema and a house buyer schema. |
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Evaluate the schema theory
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They are useful when it comes to see how people categorize information, interpret stories, make inferences, etc. But critics have argued that it is too vague to be useful because it is not entirely clear how schemas are acquired in the first place and how they actually influence cognitive processes
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Who made the multi-store model of memory?
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Atkinson and Shiffrin
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What are the three components of the multi-store model of memory?
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Sensory Memory - STM - LTM
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Who made the working memory model?
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Baddeley and Hitch
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What are the components of the working memory model?
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Central Executive - (Phonological Loop, Episodic Buffer, Visuospatial Sketchpad) - LTM
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Explain the central executive system described in the working memory model.
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Is a system that controls and monitors the operations of the other components. The function is primarily to control attention.
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Explain the episodic buffer described in the working memory model.
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It acts as a passive display which stores the information until it is needed. The processing happens on another system.
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Explain the phonological loop described in the working memory model.
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It has two components. Articulatory control system holds information in a verbal form. While phonological store holds speech-based material in a phonological form.
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Explain the visuospatial sketchpad described in the working memory model.
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It holds visual information, such as location of objects.
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What is Baddeley and Hitch's experiment that involves the dual-task technique?
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They asked the participants to read a prose and to mathematical problem at the same time. They can do the task together, but impaired. This shows that STM is not single-store.
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What are the components of LTM?
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Explicit/Declarative memory - Semantic and Episodic memories
Implicit/Non-Declarative Memory - Procedural and Emotional memories |
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What part of the brain is associated with emotional memory?
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Amygdala
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What is the evidence that LTM is not a single-store
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Clive Wearing has no memory of who he is and what he is. But he remembers how he loves his wife and plays the piano. This shows that LTM is not single store
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What did Milner and Scoville do?
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Case Study of HM. HM is a person who suffered from head injury at the age of 9. As a result, he had epileptic seizures. Doctors remove the part responsible for it. But as a result, HM is unable to form new memories, but still retains older memories.
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What is Cole and Scribner's research about?
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Aimed to investigate memory strategies in different cultures. He asked US and Liberian children to recall common items. Liberians must be told a meaningful story before they are able to remember it. US children uses chunking, while Liberians uses narrative strategy.
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What is the reconstructive nature of memory?
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If there are blank spots in the memory, the brain will try to fill it with information that makes sense to the brain.
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What is Frederic Bartlett's experiment?
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Serial reproduction on a classic Native American legend. He found that as the story got passed on, it became shorter and more conventional. However, how distorted the story is it is still coherent.
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What is Loftus and Palmer's experiment on memory reliability?
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They investigated what will happen if leading questions are changed. The participants were shown a clip of a car crash. Verb such as smashed will yield a higher speed estimate, while verb such as contacted will yield a lower speed estimate.
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