Health Psych 531 Exam #2

Front 1

Three negative emotional response pathways:

Back 1

1. Behavioral changes
2. Hormonal responses
3. Nerve fibers

Front 2

Leading cause of death and disability worldwide:

Back 2

Cardiovascular Disease

Front 3

Autonomic imbalance:

Back 3

Sympathetic is hyperactive and parasympathetic is hypoactive

Front 4

Neuromatrix theory:

Back 4

Pain experience is result of complex interchange of information from diverse areas of the brain

Front 5

Physician-medication explanation:

Back 5

Poor health has an impact on physician whose behavior influences the patient’s satisfaction – also if medical problems are attributed to the patient’s poor lifestyle

Front 6

Natural immune system:

Back 6

Defense against a variety of pathogens

Front 7

Specific immune system:

Back 7

Lymphocytes have receptor sites on their cell surfaces that only fit with one antigen and respond to only one kind of invader

Front 8

Results of "Vagal Regulation of Allostatic Systems":

Back 8

- Heart rate went up, then came back down further (good vagal function)
- Heart rate already high, no exaggerated response, heart rate remains high after (bad vagal function)
- Cortisol takes longer to recover (20 min), immune response takes even longer (1 hr)

Front 9

Results of "HRP and CRP":

Back 9

- CRP – Measure of long term/low grade inflammation – crucial because heart disease is disease of inflammation
- Adipose tissue (formed around abdomen) major source of potent stimulus for CRP synthesis
- Women suffer from auto-immune diseases more than men, have higher HRV than men
- Heart rate is positively correlated with CRP, cortisol, albumin, white blood cell count - Less estrogen = more inflammation

Front 10

Results of "InChianti":

Back 10

- Vagally mediated HRV is inversely related to CRP in men and women (pre-menopausal)
- Effect in men is comparable to effect of smoking
- Effect in women is comparable to BMI

Front 11

Health belief model:

Back 11

Theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.

Front 12

Second to heart disease in leading cause of U.S. deaths:

Back 12

Cancer

Front 13

Psychological stress on onset of cancer:

Back 13

Adversely affects NK cell ability to destroy tumors

Front 14

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA):

Back 14

- Crippling form resulting from autoimmune process
- Affects small joints of wrists, hands, neck, feet, knees, ankles

Front 15

Osteoarthritis:

Back 15

Articular cartilage (smooth lining of a joint) cracks or wears away because of overuse

Front 16

Gout:

Back 16

Build up of uric acid crystals

Front 17

Coronary heart disease:

Back 17

Illnesses caused by arthrosclerosis (narrowing of coronary arteries)

Front 18

CHD in women:

Back 18

- Leading killer of women in U.S. – higher levels of HDL
- Estrogen diminishes SNS arousal
- Higher risk after menopause

Front 19

Hypertension caused by:

Back 19

- 90% is essential (unknown)
- 5% is failure of kidneys
- Genetic and emotional factors

Front 20

John Henry-ism

Back 20

• Tried to defeat mechanical steam drill to see who could do most work in fastest amount of time – J.H. won but dropped dead from exhaustion
- Personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial factors
- Lethal when active coping factors are unsuccessful
- Lower income and poorly educated blacks

Front 21

Stroke:

Back 21

- Disturbance in blood flow from brain
- Third major cause of death in U.S.

Front 22

Diabetes:

Back 22

- Chronic condition of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance - - - Leading causes of death in U.S.

Front 23

Leading cause of blindness in adults:

Back 23

Diabetes

Front 24

Three kinds of pain perception:

Back 24

- Mechanical nociception: Damage to body tissue
- Thermal damage: Damage due to temperature exposure
- Polymodal nociception: Pain triggers chemical reaction from tissue damage

Front 25

Two major types of peripheral nerve fibers involved in pain:

Back 25

- A-delta fibers: Small, myelinated fibers (sharp pains)
- C fibers: Unmyelinated fibers (dull, aching pain)

Front 26

Three types of endogenous opioid peptides:

Back 26

- Beta-endorphins
- Proenkephalin
- Polynorphins

Front 27

Types of chronic pain:

Back 27

- Chronic benign pain - varies, can last to up to 6 months, unresponsive to treatment (chronic lower back pain), not life comforting but distressing
- Recurrent acute pain - recurring episodes, come and go (migraines), pain is short in duration
- Chronic progressive pain - last longer than 6 months, pain increases over time (amount OR perception), ex. cancer, degenerative disorders, etc.

Front 28

Pain-prone personality:

Back 28

Constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain

Front 29

“Neurotic triad”:

Back 29

- Anxiety disorders
- Substance abuse disorders
- Other psychological problems

Front 30

Counter-irritation:

Back 30

Inhibiting pain in one area of the body by mildly stimulating pain in another area

Front 31

Stroke:

Back 31

- Disturbance in blood flow from brain
- Third major cause of death in U.S.

Front 32

Diabetes:

Back 32

- Chronic condition of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance - - - Leading causes of death in U.S.

Front 33

Leading cause of blindness in adults:

Back 33

Diabetes

Front 34

Three kinds of pain perception:

Back 34

- Mechanical nociception: Damage to body tissue
- Thermal damage: Damage due to temperature exposure
- Polymodal nociception: Pain triggers chemical reaction from tissue damage

Front 35

Two major types of peripheral nerve fibers involved in pain:

Back 35

- A-delta fibers: Small, myelinated fibers (sharp pains)
- C fibers: Unmyelinated fibers (dull, aching pain)

Front 36

Three types of endogenous opioid peptides:

Back 36

- Beta-endorphins
- Proenkephalin
- Polynorphins

Front 37

Types of chronic pain:

Back 37

- Chronic benign pain - varies, can last to up to 6 months, unresponsive to treatment (chronic lower back pain), not life comforting but distressing
- Recurrent acute pain - recurring episodes, come and go (migraines), pain is short in duration
- Chronic progressive pain - last longer than 6 months, pain increases over time (amount OR perception), ex. cancer, degenerative disorders, etc.

Front 38

Pain-prone personality:

Back 38

Constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain

Front 39

“Neurotic triad”:

Back 39

- Anxiety disorders
- Substance abuse disorders
- Other psychological problems

Front 40

Counter-irritation:

Back 40

Inhibiting pain in one area of the body by mildly stimulating pain in another area

Front 41

Dorsal column stimulation:

Back 41

Short term pain relief, electrodes placed near where pain is, block to spinal – pain activates electrodes – minor fix

Front 42

Biofeedback:

Back 42

- Operant learning process
- Method of achieving control over bodily processes
- Used to treat chronic disorders, temporomandibular joint pain, hypertension and a broad array of pains

Front 43

Suggestion:

Back 43

Reassurance that hypnosis will work (similar to cog. therapy – tell them how it works ahead of time and ensures success)

Front 44

Guided Imagery:

Back 44

Patient is asked to think of a happy image during painful experience

Front 45

Personal Issues in Chronic Illness:

Back 45

o Personal Issues in Chronic Illness
 Physical self:
• Body image plummets
o Low self-esteem = increased depression and anxiety
- Achieving self: Important to self-esteem and self-concept
- Social self: Important for readjustment after illness
- Private self: Loss of independence and strain of depending on others

Front 46

Country ranked #1 in health care services:

Back 46

France

Front 47

U.S. ranking in health care services:

Back 47

37/200

Front 48

What country pays most for healthcare?

Back 48

U.S. (2x as much as Sweden)

Front 49

Country with highest infant mortality rate:

Back 49

U.S.

Front 50

Why is our health care so bad?

Back 50

Other countries have house calls, more care, more doctors available (health (preventative)-based vs. U.S. disease based)

Front 51

Three models of illness:

Back 51

- Acute illness
- Chronic illness
- Cyclic illness

Front 52

Lay referral network:

Back 52

An informal network of family and friends who offer an interpretation of symptoms well before medical treatment is sought

Front 53

Whether or not a person seeks treatment for a symptom depends on two factors:

Back 53

- Extent to which the person perceives a threat to health
- The degree to which the person believes health measures will be effective in reducing that threat

Front 54

"Worried well" people:

Back 54

People concerned about physical and mental health; inclined to perceive minor symptoms as serious and believe they should take care of their own health

Front 55

“Somaticizers”:

Back 55

Those who express distress and conflict through bodily symptoms

Front 56

Percentage of patients that delay treatments:

Back 56

25%

Front 57

Health care practitioners account for what percent of all delay behavior:

Back 57

15%

Front 58

Patient consumerism:

Back 58

Patients want to be involved in decisions that affect their health

Front 59

Diagnostic-Related Group (DRG):

Back 59

A classification scheme that determines the nature and length of treatment for particular disorders

Front 60

Estimates range what percentages of patients do not heed physicians' advice:

Back 60

15% to 93%

Front 61

Nosocomial infection:

Back 61

Infection that results from exposure to disease in the hospital setting

Front 62

Hospitals have vacancy rates as high as what percentage:

Back 62

70%

Front 63

How many U.S. hospitals are part of a multi-hospital system:

Back 63

1/2