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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 stages of Neural Development? |
1. Proliferation 2. Migration 3. Differentiation 4. Continued Differentiation- Synapse formation, Mylenation 5. Post-Natal- Synapse pruning, Mylenation |
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What does moderate malnutrition in development cause? |
Schizophrenia |
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What is a teratogen? |
Any disease, drug, or any other noxious agent that causes abnormal prenatal development Ex. tobacco, alcohol |
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What does tobacco cause in development? |
SIDS, slowed cognitive development, ADHD |
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What does alcohol cause in development? |
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
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What is the critical period? |
A period when an organism’s exposure to stimuli or experiences promotesor hinders proper development
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What reflexes do newborns have? |
Rooting reflex, Grasping reflex |
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What is social responsiveness? |
babies prefer sights and sounds (high-pitched) that are human-like
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What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? |
1. Sensorimotor Stage 2. Preoperational Stage 3. Concrete Operational Stage 4. Formal Operational Stage |
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Describe sensorimotor stage. |
-age 0-2 mo.
–experiencing the world through senses and actions -object permanence developsgradually until about 18 months |
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What is object permanence? |
objects continue to exist when not perceived
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Describe preoporational stage. |
- age 2-7 mo.
- representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning. - lack of conservation (quantity remains the same despite changes in shape) - egocentrism |
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What is egocentrism? |
–inability to perceive things from another’s point of view
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Describe concrete operational stage. |
- age 7-12 mo.
- thinking more logicallyabout concrete events - can now perform conservation and math transformations - can classify objects on several dimensions |
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Describe formal operational stage. |
- age 12+ mo.
- abstract, logical, systematic, and reflective thinking begin |
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Describe Vygotsky’sSociocultural Theory. |
-Cognitivedev is fueled by social interactions and culture influences this development.
-Language acquisition is key to cognitive development. |
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What are the 3 different parts of attachment? |
1. Body Contact 2. Familiarity 3. Responsive Parenting |
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What are the 2 parts of familiarity? |
1.Critical period
2. Imprinting |
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What is responsive parenting? |
- secure,avoidant, or anxious/ambivalent attachment
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What does secure attachment lead to? |
- resilience, competence, self-esteem, leadership, better peer and romantic relationships
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What is classical conditioning? |
- the simplest mechanism wherebyorganisms learn about relations between stimuli and alter their behavioraccordingly.
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What is unconditioned stimulus? |
-astimulus that naturally triggers a response
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What is a conditioned stimulus? |
-an originally irrelevant stimulusthat after association with the US, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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What is an unconditioned response? |
-the naturally occurring response tothe US
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What is a conditioned response? |
-the learned response to thepreviously neutral CS
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What is acquisition? |
-thestage where the CS-US relationship is being learned
1. Temporal contiguity – except taste aversion 2. Spatial contiguity – except auditory conditioning 3. CSmust precede US 4. Biology is a limiting factor |
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What is extinction? |
-the diminishing of the CR –accomplished by the CS not being followed by the US
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What is generalization? |
- the tendency for stimuli similar tothe CS to elicit similar responses.
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What is second-order conditioning? |
-theability of stimuli that predict the CS to elicit the CR
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What is operant conditioning? |
- presentationof a US depends on the subject’s behavior. A particular response (instrumental response) is required to obtain aspecific stimulus or consequence
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What is a primaryreinforcer? |
- innately reinforcing stimulus(biological)
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What is a conditioned reinforcer? |
- astimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with aprimary reinforcer
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What is shaping? |
- development of a new responsethrough positive reinforcement of successive approximations
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What is positive reinforcement? |
- aninstrumental response increases in likelihood as a result of a stimulus beingpresented following the response and not presented in the absence of theresponse.
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What is negative reinforcement? |
- if the instrumental response isperformed, the aversive stimulus is terminated or prevented from occurring.
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What is punishment? |
- occurrence of the instrumentalresponse results in delivery of an aversive stimulus.
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What is observational learning? |
-learning by observing others
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What is modeling? |
- the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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What are the different reinforcement schedules? |
1. Continuous 2. Partial (harder to distinguish) a. fixed- ratio b. variable- ratio c. fixed- interval d. variable- interval |
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What is stress? |
-a pattern of behavioral and physiological responses to events that match orexceed an organism’s ability to respond in a healthy way.
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How much stress is too much? |
- Amoderate amount in the short term is good for you! = Motivation
- Early(in life) and chronic are most problematic. |
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What did the Whitehall study prove? |
The best predictor of a heart attack was not obesity, smoking, or high blood pressure. It was job status. |
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What factors constitute a health well-being ? |
1. genetics 2. behavior 3. physiological 4. cognitive 5. sociocultural |
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What does an increase in cortisol give? |
-decrease in immune functioning |
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What does cardiovascular stress cause? |
stressincreases atherosclerosis which is main cause of heart disease
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What are the gender differences with stress? |
1. Hostility in men is significant predictor ofheart disease
2. Women “tend & befriend” – combo ofestrogen and oxytocin |
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What are some different ways to minimize stress? |
1. Social Support 2. Exercise 3. Healthy Diet 4. Change ways of thinking 5. No smoking 6. Hardiness 7. Gender Differences 8. Rational coping 9. Relaxation Therapy |
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How does social support help minimize stress? |
- less socially integrated people havehigher mortality rates
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How does a healthy diet help minimize stress? |
1.Stressundermines self-regulation (delaying immediate gratification for long-termgains) - binging
2.Self-regulationcan be fatigued – choose your battles |
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How does exercise help minimize stress? |
1. Negative correlation between exercise anddepressive symptoms
2.Improves symptoms of depression |
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HPAAxis Activation
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary Adrenals Cortisol Catecholamines |
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How is gut bacteria beneficial to us? |
1. Digestion 2. Metabolism 3. Extract and make vitamins 4. Build and maintain gut wall 5. Block harmful bacteria 6. Influences brain and behavior |
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What effect does Toxoplasma Gondii have on animal behavior? |
-excreted in cat feces -picked up by rodents -infected rodents attracted to cat urine to complete cycle -change behavior |
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What is the hygiene hypothesis? |
-Developed nations suffer from morechronic inflammatory diseases
-Disruption of immunoregulatorycircuits |
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What are the ways in which gut bacteria can influencebehavior and/or mental state?
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•Stress increases inflammation. This is mediated by gut bacteria. Antibiotics prevent stress from causinginflammation.
•Inflammatory cytokines make peoplemore vulnerable to anxiety and depression. |
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How can gut biome influence behavior? (EX) |
•BALB/c mice became more bold and adventurous when givenantibiotics •NIH Swiss mice became more timidwhen gut bacteria was changed •When fed a pathogenic bacteria animals became more cautious
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