Health Psychology

Front 1

What is stress

Back 1

Stress consists of tension, discomfort and physical symptoms that occur when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively.

Front 2

How have researchers approached the study of stress?

Back 2

Stress as stimuli, stress transaction, stress as a response

Front 3

Stress as a stimuli, focuses on the ......... of stressful events.

Back 3

types

Front 4

Stress as a transaction focuses on the transaction between people and their ..... .

Back 4

environment

Front 5

Stress as transaction is involved in how people ..... and ..... with an event.

Back 5

Interpret, cope

Front 6

According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984) how do people determine whether an event is stressful?

Back 6

Through primary appraisal (is an event harmful?), followed by secondary appraisal (how well can we cope with it?)

Front 7

Problem focused coping of stress

Back 7

when we are optimistic and want to achieve our goals, we are easily taking up life's challenges

Front 8

Emotion focused coping

Back 8

Trying to place positive feelings on problems, situations and engage in behaviours to reduce painful emotions

Front 9

Stress as a response

Back 9

How to people react to stress?

Front 10

Corticosteroids

Back 10

Stress hormones that activate the body and prepare us to respond to stressful circumstances.

Front 11

Why is it difficult to measure stress?

Back 11

Because of the subjectivity.

Front 12

What are two measurements that are commonly used in regards to stress?

Back 12

SRSS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale), Hassles Scale

Front 13

What are hassles?

Back 13

Small annoyances that strain ability to cope

Front 14

How does the hassles scale work?

Back 14

It assesses HOW stressful events are ranging from small annoyances to major daily pressures.

Front 15

What is a typical mechanism of stress (introduced by Selye)?

Back 15

The general adaption syndrome (GAS): All stressors take us through the three stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Front 16

In which treatment is GAS applied to?

Back 16

The virtual exposure therapy

Front 17

How does the body react to stressors? (Alarm reaction)

Back 17

producing of adrenaline, excitation of autonomic nervous system (ANS), physical symptoms of anxiety

Front 18

Which parts of the brain does anxiety stimulate?

Back 18

Region of the midbrain- amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

Front 19

How can the mind body link be supported in terms of how stress is triggered and how it affects the body?

Back 19

Through the hypothalamus- pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis: Signals of fear are received through hypothalamus, hooks up with the pituitary gland and then releases hormones such as adrenaline- which triggers anxiety.

Front 20

fight or flight response

Back 20

Physiological and psychological reactions that mobilise us to either confront or leave a threatening.

Front 21

What happens during the resistance period?

Back 21

We are trying to find ways of coping with the fear, e.g. breathing for relaxation, normalising situations,

Front 22

The last stage of GAS is

Back 22

exhaustion, where we have handled the stressful situation.

Front 23

Tend to befriend

Back 23

More likely to appear in women, looking for social support when under stress.

Front 24

Nocebo effect

Back 24

Beliefs create reality

Front 25

Antigens

Back 25

Skin, protecting as from bacteria

Front 26

pathogens

Back 26

disease producing organism

Front 27

Phagocyte and hymphocyte are...

Back 27

white blood cells which assist immune system in fighting bacteria.

Front 28

What are immune system disorders?

Back 28

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), when immune system is not active, autoimmune disease like arthritis when immune system is overactive

Front 29

psychoneuroimmunology

Back 29

the study of the relationship between the CNS (Central Nervous System) and immune system

Front 30

Stress predicts cold because of stress affects health related behaviours (poor sleep, drinking of alcohol)

Back 30

True

Front 31

What was once called psychosomatic is now referred to....

Back 31

Psychophysiological- emotions contribute to illnesses and maintain the physical condition.

Front 32

Biopsychosocial

Back 32

the view that physical, psychological and social factors have an influence on illness

Front 33

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Back 33

partial or full blockage of arteries that provides heart with oxygen

Front 34

How did researchers call the personality associated with CHD?

Back 34

Type A Personality (competitive, hard- driving, ambitious, impatient.

Front 35

Which emotion is a strong predictor for heart attackes?

Back 35

Anger and hostility

Front 36

Type D personality

Back 36

people who experience negative emotions but inhibit them

Front 37

Health Psychology

Back 37

The study of behaviour in regards to medicine

Front 38

Personal inertia

Back 38

difficulty to overcome personal inertia and try something new.

Front 39

Who was one of the first influential health psychologists?

Back 39

Shelly Taylor

Front 40

Health psychology development- what was believed to be the cause of illness during the time of ancient greeks?

Back 40

Hippocrates' imbalance of fluid in body leads to ill health

Front 41

In the middle ages illness was based on

Back 41

religion, sinning

Front 42

How were diseases treated during the middle ages?

Back 42

torturing until people confessed, if they died it was god's punishment.

Front 43

What was the basis for the biomedical model as we know it today?

Back 43

Mind-Body Dualism

Front 44

who was the most influential philosopher during the renaissance?

Back 44

Rene Descartes

Front 45

What was practiced for the first time during renaissance, that was a great milestone for the biomedical model?

Back 45

Autopsies

Front 46

Psychosomatic

Back 46

When psychological pain becomes physical

Front 47

What evidence is there for psychosomatic medicine?

Back 47

peptic ulcers (Geschwuere)- 80% of bacteria was present but 4/5 people had bacteria but no ulcers.

Front 48

Irritable bowel syndrome

Back 48

a diagnosis doctors come to when all the other conditions have been locked out- it is supposed to be purely psychological

Front 49

Why do we need health psychology?

Back 49

Changing patterns of illness and mortality rates (used to be from contagious diseases whereas now it is cancer)

Front 50

How does the health belief model work?

Back 50

It consists of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action.

Front 51

Perceived susceptibility

Back 51

individual's perception that are likely to develop certain condition- optimistic bias

Front 52

Susceptibility

Back 52

Anfaelligkeit

Front 53

Perceived severity

Back 53

the perception of what impact that disease has on your life

Front 54

perceived benefits and barriers

Back 54

benefits and limits associated with a particular life behaviour, e.g. applying sunscreen

Front 55

cue to action

Back 55

external factors, such as TV ads