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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Holmes & Rahe create? What associations did DeLongis et al. daily hassles checklist show? |
Major life events scale Associations with psychosocial outcomes |
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Elliott & Eisendorfer considered stressor characteristics to be made of what three types of stressors? Ex. |
Acute stressor (limited ex. surgery) Chronic stressor (prolonged/repeated ex. job strain) Stressor sequences - prolonged stressor with several challenges (ex. divorce) |
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When stress is seen as a response, it is primarily an ________ phenomenon |
Objective |
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The adrenal glands release what two hormones during stress? These hormones are called? |
Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine Catecholamines |
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When the stressor is removed/evaded, what system takes over? Returns us to ___________ |
Parasympathetic nervous system Homeostasis |
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What does the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis do? What main hormone does it secrete? What does this hormone help do? Give three reasons why it is hard to measure this hormone |
Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids Cortisol Helps the SNS and return body to homeostasis Influenced by diet/exercise/mood Individual differences average output Inconsistent results across stressors |
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During chronic stress response, what is the first thing that occurs? This leads to what three things? |
Cortisol stops working over time as HPA axis becomes dysregulated Impaired immune function = increased infection and inflammation Consistently high blood glucose, mobilization of triglycerides to visceral fat cells, maturation of fat cells Hippocampal atrophy |
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How does exercise help with stress? |
Repeated stress of exercise helps the body adapt to stress which leads to higher recovery |
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What is the tend-and-befriend response? Associated with the release of what hormone? |
Tending - caring for children in stress Befriend - affiliating with others and seeking social contact during stress Oxytocin |
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When stress is seen as a transaction between person and environment it is seen as a _________ phenomenon |
Subjective - cognitive appraisals, individual differences |
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What is coping? What is the transactional model of stress and coping? |
Things we think (internal) and actions (external) we do to reduce negative aspects of a stressful situation |
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What are the two main functions of coping? |
Alter the problem causing stress Regulation the emotional response |
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What are three types of coping? |
Problem-focused - Direct efforts to solve problem Emotion-focused - Efforts to manage emotions made by the stressful situation through cognitive and behavioural approaches Relationship-focused - Efforts to maintain & manage social relationships during stressful periods |
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What are two ways used by problem-focused coping? When do people tend to use problem-focused coping? |
Changing the situation (thinking of options/making a plan/increasing efforts to make things work) Changing ourselves (taking a course/learning new skills/seeking new information) When they think their resources/demands of the situation are changeable |
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Give some examples of emotion-focused coping When do people tend to use emotion-focused coping? |
Redefining the situation When they think they can do little to change the stressful conditions |
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Give some examples of relationship-focused coping |
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What happens in dyadic, relationship-focused coping? |
Partners work together, recognize their interdependence in dealing with a shared stressor, and work at it. (Ex. managing household finances) |
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What are four general recommendations for successful coping? What are the four most important coping methods (some overlap from above) |
Positive reappraisal Emotion expression Not ruminating Support-seeking Engaging in positive emotions/appraisal Finding benefits/meaning Engaging in emotional expression Adapting to a stressor and move on |
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What is stress spillover? What is stress crossover? |
Stress from other places, like work, spilling over to other areas, like home (occurs within person) Stress from other places, like work, is transferred to other people, like kids/spouse (occurs between people) |
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What three things can burnout cause? What two things is burnout the result of? |
Emotional exhaustion Depersonalization Compromised sense of self-competence Chronic high stress and little personal control |
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At what point/from what criteria is acute stress disorder diagnosed? At what point/from what criteria is PTSD diagnosed? |
When experiencing anxiety/dissociation within 1 month of exposure to extreme traumatic stressor (witnessing a death) Severe anxiety for more than 1 month from traumatic experiences |
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What are the eight DSM-5 criteria for PTSD? |
The stressor Intrusion Avoidance Negative alterations in cognition/mood Alterations in arousal Lasting for over a month Functional significance Exclusion |
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What are five reasons why some people experience PTSD instead of PT growth? |
Negative childhood experiences/traumas Low openness to experience/low extraversion Low social support Maladaptive coping responses Being a woman/low SES/low education |
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What does the direct effects model say? |
Social support directly protects health |
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What does the buffering hypothesis say? |
Social support buffers the impact of stress/environmental demands on the person |
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What is a social network? What do they operate through? What is social support? |
Number of social relationships (family/friends/group membership/online networks); social integration Operate via direct effects Functional content and quality of social relationships |
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What are some ways social networks can influence us? Up to how many degrees of separation? |
Tastes/health/weight/happiness/beliefs 3 |
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Through what three mechanisms does Facebook undermine well-being?
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Lack of attention, social comparisons, fear of missing out |
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What are the five types of social support? What do they operate via? |
Emotional Esteem Tangible/instrumental Informational Companionship Stress-buffering |
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What does the matching principle say? Ex? What is considered the most widely effective type of support? |
Most effective support is that which matches the stressor - Informational support for an exam Emotional support |
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What are the two types of bad support? |
Protective buffering - keeping information from someone to protect him/her Solicitousness - expressing concern which increases dependence |
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What explanation does the buffering hypothesis offer for why there are physiological and psychological benefits from HAI (human-animal-interactions)? What chemical is released during HAI? |
HAI reduces the impact of stress on health Oxytocin |
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Why can HAI help with AIDS patients? |
AIDS patients may be abandoned by friends/family, pets won't abandon |
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What is a health disparity? What 3 things can it affect? Can cause differences in _______ and _______ rates |
Difference in quality of health & health care between groups 1 - How frequently people get disease 2 - How many people get sick 3 - How often the disease causes death Morbidity; mortality |
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Name some stats about indigenous people's health in Canada |
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How do First Nations people self-rate their health, how do other adults in Canada? |
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How do First Nations on-reserve self-rate their health, how does the general Canadian population? |
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What two health conditions are much more prevalent in First Nations on-reserve vs the general Canadian population? |
Diabetes and high blood pressure |
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Has diabetes in First Nations people been linked to genetics? What are two reasons why low income and education are linked to poverty and higher blood glucose levels? |
Nope, was rare 100 years ago Poverty = poorer diet Stress = ^ cortisol = ^ high blood sugar |
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How much more prevalent are suicide rates of First Nations compared to the general Canadian population? |
Over double |
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What is transgenerational trauma? Exs? |
Early traumas having lasting effects on communities that are still felt today via direct and indirect mechanisms Epigenetics - genes passed down that changed from environmental factors Modeling parents Lack of self-esteem |
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What is seen with percentage of Canadians reporting diabetes in relation to their income level? In life expectancy? In general health? |
Linear decrease of diabetes from lowest income to highest income; same thing; sammmeee |
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What were the Whitehall studies? In Whitehall 1 (1967-1977), what relationships were seen in: mortality and grade; employment hierarchy and life span; status and obesity, smoking, leisure, activity, illness, BP? In Whitehall 2 (1985-), social gradient was linked to a number of what diseases? |
Longitudinal studies looking at social determinants of health from 1967- , in British servants Lower grade = higher mortality; more senior = longer life; lower status = higher obesity, smoking, lower leisure, lower activity, higher illness, higher BP Heart disease/cancer/lung disease/GI disease/suicide/depression/back pain/etc |
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Robert Sapolsky found lower-ranking males have more ongoing, uncontrollable social stress, why? This leads to? This leads to? |
Displacement aggression in the group (top baboon kicks lower one, he kicks lower one, etc.) Chronically higher stress in low-ranking members Higher cortisol and health issues |
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Increased asthma symptoms and impaired pulmonary function is associated with what two things? Why do low SES people interpret stressors as more threatening than higher SES people? |
Low family support; higher neighbourhood problems (may shape youth's health behaviours) Live and work in unpredictable/dangerous settings |
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What does the shift and persist model believe? What are meant by the terms? |
Some people can overcome low-SES adversity Shift = shift oneself to accept stress for what it is and adapt via reappraisal Persist = enduring life via maintaining meaning and optimism |
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What does the minority stress model say? |
Stigma/prejudice/discrimination creates hostile social environment --> leading to increased stress |
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How do suicide rates of transgendered people compare to general population? What % of trans people have been refused medical care? |
77% in Ontario considered, 43% attempted; 1.6% of general pop attempted 19% |
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What are two ways AIDS discrimination and stigma also fuel the epidemic? |
Prevents people from talking about their HIV status with partners/people they share needles with Fear of rejection/confidentiality prevents people from getting tested |
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As a general conclusion, what are the five factors in health disparities? |
Subordination SES Control/perceived control Prejudice/discrimination/stigma Access to health services |
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What are the two main factors related to the patient's evaluation of health care? |
Technical quality of care Quality of interaction with the provider |
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Name some poor communication demonstrated by physicians |
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Name some poor communication demonstrated by patients |
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Monitors/attention subjects tend to be concerned and distressed, leading them to? How do you motivate them? Blunters/avoidance subjects tend to be overwhelmed by threatening information, leading them to? How do you motivate them? |
Seek information Give detailed information about risks & strategies Avoid information Be short, succinct, non-threatening, and simple in relaying information |
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Dissatisfied patients are less likely to do what 4 things? What 2 things are they more likely to do? |
- Adhere to regimes - Use medical services in the future - Get medical check-ups - Disclose CAM use - Change doctors/make complaints - Consider CAM |
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What are four types of individual differences in recognizing symptoms? What are two types of situational factors in recognizing symptoms? |
- Bodily awareness - Neuroticism/hypochondriasis/facetiousness - Cultural differences in meaning/reporting symptoms - Positive/negative mood - Stress/boredom - Salient situations (ex. med students) |
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What three things affect our interpretation of symptoms? |
Prior experience Expectations Seriousness of symptoms |
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What are illness schemas? What are the 5 distinct components |
People's concepts of health/illness that influence how they react to symptoms & illness |
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What are the four stages of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms? |
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What is the difference between compliance and adherence? |
Compliance - following medical instructions of any kind Adherence - following prescribed behavioural and treatment regimen/routines |
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What is the placebo effect? |
A medical procedure that gives an effect because of its therapeutic intent and not its specific nature, whether chemical or physical |
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What 5 parts of a placebo influences its effectiveness? How does medical formality influence placebo? |
Shape/size/colour/taste/quantity More medical formality (machines/medications/uniforms/etc) gives more placebo |
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Did physician warmth/confidence/empathy increase or decrease placebo effect? RCTs (Randomized Clinical Trials) are designed to measure the _________ of a drug under optimal conditions? How does this differ from effectiveness? How are placebos controlled for? |
Increase Efficacy; how well the medication works in the real world/by the average patient Creating a placebo in the control group and comparing to the treatment group |
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What is a nocebo effect? Two examples? In CAM treatments, how effective is: Homeopathy Tai Chi Yoga/meditation Acupuncture |
Believing a harmless substance is harmful/toxic and can result in physical symptoms; gluten sensitivity; MSG Homeopathy - no better than placebo Tai Chi - can prevent age-related health issues in older people Yoga/meditation - Epigenetics in relation to stress and immune function Acupuncture - Effective for pain and migraines |
