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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

chronic condition

a condition that doesn't go away or get better

acute illness

an illness with a defined beginning and end



oncology

the study and treatment of cancer

sites of cancer

types of cancer as defined by the location of the tumour

metastasized

spread (frequently used to denote the spread of cancer)

intrusive cognitions

unwanted thoughts, often visual in nature, related to the patient's ideas about cancer and death

emotion focused coping

coping by focusing on ways to reduce the emotional impact of a disease without trying to cure it

problem focused coping

coping by actively addressing the stressors associated with a disease, such as cancer, and its treatment

emotional approach coping

coping by facing emotional responses to a disease and dealing effectively with those responses

radical surgery

cancer surgery the requires the removal of a considerable amount of normal tissue

disfigurement

a potential physical result of cancer surgery that can have serious psychological consequences

radiation therapy

a form of cancer treatment in which radiation is used to shrink or destroy tumours

chemotherapy

treatment used in addition to surgery and/or radiation therapy when it is suspected that cancer has metastasized, or to help prevent it from doing so

adjuvant therapy

therapy used in conjunction with other therapy

anticipatory nausea

nausea that is felt before a chemotherapy treatment begins, explained in terms of classical conditioning

antiemetic medication

medication intended to reduce nausea and vomiting

family oriented care

in comprehensive cancer care, the family becomes the patient because for virtually ever cancer patient there is a family and a collection of close friends who are also affected by the disease

help intended communication

communication that includes support, especially emotional support

navigator

often a nurse, community health worker, or social worker who helps patients diagnosed with serious illnesses find their way through the sometimes complicated world of hospitals and treatment

social comparison

monitoring the opinions and experiences of others to determine what is right and wrong, normal and abnormal; also subsequent use of this information to help with decision making

post traumatic growth

positive psychological or lifestyle outcome resulting from an experience with a life threatening illness

benefit finding

attitude or technique often referred to as finding the "silver lining in the cloud" which appears to aid in post traumatic growth

insulin dependent diabetes (Type 1)

a condition in which a person produces very little or no insulin and as a result is required to take insulin on a daily basis, usually by way of self administered injection

non-insulin dependent diabetes (type 2)

a condition in which a person does not produce enough insulin or is not able to use insulin effectivley

gestational diabetes

a temporary condition affecting two to four percent of all pregnant women

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack caused by lack of blood flow to the heart

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, or bypass surgery)

a procedure in which healthy arteries from other parts of the body, often the legs, are grafted into the coronary artery system to bypass blocked arteries

angioplasty

a procedure in which a bubble like device is inserted into the artery at the point of the blockage, thus expanding the artery and allowing for better blood flow

myocardial ischemia

a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle

cardiac invalidism

anxiety regarding a subsequent heart attack causes patients to curtail their activity levels far more than required by their actual disease status

cognitive reappraisal and restructuring

therapy sometimes used with cardiac patients, in which they learn to think differently about the things that make them angry, and to make behaviour changes such as learning to control their breathing

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); after infection, the body's compromised immune system makes it susceptible to a host of other infections

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

a virus that gradually breaks down the body's immune system, making it susceptible to a host of other infections, eventually resulting in AIDS

highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART)

a treatment for aids that has been shown to significantly increase life expectancy

protease inhibitor

medication that can significantly prolong the lives of people with AIDS

quality of life

the extent to which symptoms and treatment affect a person's physical, social, cognitive and emotional functioning

phenomenologically

according to a person's own report on the phenomenon

multidimensional measures of quality of life

assessment that includes specific aspects of quality of life, such as physical emotional and social

global measures of quality of life

a general or overall assessment of quality of life without focusing on specific aspects

denial

a coping strategy in which people deny that distressing events exist or that negative emotions are being felt

anger

a reaction that often follows denial when people are confronted with novel and severe trauma, as defined by Kubler Ross

bargaining

a response identified by Kubler Ross, that may occur when a person is confronted with novel and severe trauma; includes trying to do things that will buy more time

depression

a common mental disorder of varying severity and impact that features depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy and poor concentration

acceptance

the final stage of Kubler Ross' theory of death and dying, in which someone achieves a peaceful acceptance of their own death

bereavement

emotions attendant upon the loss of a close friend or loved one

grief

deep sorrow, usually in response to bereavement

afferent sensory neurons

nerve cells that conduct impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system, or from lower to higher levels in the spinal cord and brain.

nociceptors

the afferent neutrons that respond to pain stimuli

A-delta fibers

the afferent peripheral fibres that are associated with transmitting sharp, distinct pain

C-fibers

the afferent peripheral fibres that are associated with transmitting diffuse, dull, or aching pain

gate control theory

suggests that a neural mechanism in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord acts like a gate that can increase or decrease the flow of nerve impulses from peripheral fibres to the central nervous system, thereby influencing the sensation of pain (Melzack and Wall, 1965)

central control trigger

in the gate control theory of pain, a specialized system of large diameter, rapidly conducting fibres that activate selective cognitive processes that then influence, by way of descending fibres, the opening and closing of the gate



phantom limb pain

the experience of pain in an absent body part



neuromatrix theory

an extension of the gate control theory, with greater emphasis placed on the brain's role in pain perception (Melzack, 2001)

periaqueductal gray area

an area of the midbrain that is involved in pain reception



stimulation produced analgesia (SPA)

freedom from pain as a result of electrical stimulation

endogenous opioids

opiate like substances produced within the body that regulate pain


acute pain

pain that lasts less than six months and serves to warn of impending tissue damage or the need for convalescent rest

chronic pain

pain lasting for longer than 6 months

chronic recurrent pain

intermittent intense episodes of acute pain followed by relief

chronic intractable benign pain

continuous pain that varies in intensity

chronic progressive pain

continuous pain that gradually intensifies as a person's condition worsens

respondent pain

pain that occurs in response to noxious stimulation or tissue damage

operant pain

pain that is reinforced by a person's environment

pain behaviours

alterations in behaviour by a person experiencing pain to either reduce the pain or prevent it from getting worse

pain threshhold

the point at which the intensity of a stimulus is perceived as painful

pain tolerance

duration of time or intensity at which a person is willing to endure a stimulus beyond the point where it began to hurt

electromyograph (EMG)

an instrument that assesses pain by measuring electrical activity in muscles

autonomic activity

physiological processes that cannot be consciously controlled such as heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, hand surface temperature and skin conductance

evoked potentials

electrical responses produced by stimuli

box scale

a scale on which people rate and report their pain by choosing the number that best indicates the degree of pain that they are experiencing from a series of numbers

verbal descriptor scale

a rating scale on which people are asked to describe their pain by choosing the phrase that most closely resembles the pain that they are experiencing

visual analog scale (VAS)

A rating scale on which people report their pain by marking a point on a line anchored by the phrase "no pain" and by a phrase such as "worst pain imaginable"

peripherally acting analgesics

non-narcotic medications that decrease pain by reducing inflammation at the site of tissue damage; they also inhibit the synthesis of neurochemicals in the peripheral nervous system that facilitate the transmission of pain impulses

centrally acting analgesics

pain killing medications that operate on the central nervous system by imitating the effects of the body's endogenous pain relief system

narcotics

pain killing drugs that work by binding to opiate receptors in the central nervous system

local anaesthetics

pain relieving chemicals

sedatives

medications, such as barbiturates, that affect pain indirectly by reducing anxiety and helping the patient to sleep

tranquilizers

medications such as diazepam (valium) that affect pain indirectly by reducing patient anxiety

antidepressants

medications that reduce the depression and anxiety that frequently accompany pain; it is also believed that they effect pain related neurotransmitters

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A pain control technique that involves placing an electrode on the surface of the skin and applying electrical stimulation

acupuncture

An ancient chinese pain control technique that involves the insertion of fine needles to create stimulation to the peripheral nerves

physical therapy

therapy involved in the rehabilitation of muscle, bone, joint, or the results of nerve disease

swedish massage

slow gentle stroking movements to warm and relax tissue and stimulate blood circulation

shiatsu massage

sustained massage pressure on specific points of the body; according to the beliefs of practitioners, shiatsu massage releases blockages on the flow of energy through the body

progressive muscle relaxation

a technique in which a person achieves relaxation by flexing and gradually relaxing muscle groups

meditation

a form of relaxation in which one attempts to focus attention fully on a single thought or image

guided Imagery

a form of relaxation that relies on distraction in which the participant is told to imagine a calm, peaceful and pleasant image

distraction

a pain management technique in which the patient focuses attention on something other than the sensation of pain

hypnosis

an altered state of consciousness

social ecological model

a model acknowledging that the individual is influenced by a collection of larger, inter-related and cumulative contexts, such as organizations, communities and governments

epidemiology

the study of changing patterns of health and disease across populations and geographic areas

index case

the first identified instance of a medical problem

social determinants of health

factors such as housing, employment, socioeconomic status, and food availability that affect the health of populations

index case

the first identified instance of a medical problem

healthy immigrant effect

the tendency for recent non-European immigrants to report their health as being above average upon arrival to Canada, but to report deterioration of their health over time

culture

the values, behaviours, practices and assumptions learned from our membership in groups that share them

culturally competent care

care that enables individuals, agencies and systems to work effectively in cross cultural situations. It involves first developing an understanding of cultural factors and then designing systems that effectively acknowledge those factors. It begins with an ability to critically reflect on one's own culturally based assumptions about one's self and others

historical trauma

negative health effects of mass trauma such as war and colonization that can be experienced for generations

harm reduction strategy

attempts to reduce harmful effects of a behaviour when faced with the reality that the health compromising behaviour cannot be eliminated from a population

obesogenic neighborhood

neighbourhood designed in such a way as to increase the likelihood it's inhabitants will be obese

proximity, density, connectivity and land use mix

factors that are used to determine the healthiness of a built environment