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107 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

According to WHO, what is health?

Physical, mental, social well-being

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A model attributing disease to the interactions of biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors

What model did the biopsychosocial model replace and why?

Biomedical model


Causes of death are now chronic conditions which don't have cures/quick fixes, quality of life is affected, and require expensive health care


People used to die from dietary and infectious ilnesses

Who created psychosomatic medicine?


What was it based on?


Divided world of illness into _____ and _____


What does it focus on today?

Sigmund Freud


Unconscious conflicts leading to physical disturbances


Medical (ex. cancer); psychosomatic (ex. asthma)


Diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders and symptoms in complex medically ill patients

What are the two defining characteristics of behavioural medicine?

Its membership is interdisciplinary


Came from behaviourism (operant/classical)

What is behavioural medicine?


What kind of therapies does it include?

Field of medicine integrating behavioural, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness


Psychophysiological (biofeedback, hypnosis, occupational therapy, preventative medicine)

What does psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) look at?




Ex?

The interaction between psychology/behaviour, nervous system, and immune system




Immune dysregulation in people experiencing stress

What does sport psychology look at?




Ex?

Psychological factors that affect performance; psychological and physical outcomes of participation in sport


Arousal regulation/visualization/goal-setting/self-talk

What two things does integrative medicine integrate?


What are its five defining elements?

Conventional and complementary medicine


Holistic/collaborative/relationship-based/evidence-based/preventative

What are the four goals of health psychology?

To promote and maintain health


To prevent and treat illness


To identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and dysfunction


To analyze and improve health care systems and health policy

What's the lifespan perspective?

Characteristics of a person are accounted for in respect to their past development, current level, and likely development in the future

Why is the field of epidemiology important to health psychology?


What six things to epidemiologists look at?

Tells health psychologists the context that health and illness exist in


Mortality - death


Morbidity - illness/injury/disability


Prevalence - Number of cases


Incidence - Number of new cases


Epidemic - rapid increase of incidence


Pandemic - national/worldwide epidemic

What is a disease?


Ex?

Abnormalcondition affecting an organism due to infection, injury/trauma, behaviour, etc


Ex - heart disease/influenza

What is an illness?

Feelings associated with having a disease (pain, fatigue, weakness, etc – the reasons people seek care)

What is a disorder?


Ex?

Abnormality of function; due to genetic abnormalities, behaviours, stressors, etc. Similar to disease.


Cystic fibrosis/deafness

What is a syndrome?


Ex?

Set ofsymptoms/conditions that happen together and suggest the presence of acertain disease or increased risk


Ex - metabolic syndrome/AIDS

What five fields are important to health psychology?

Public policy


Sociology - human social life


Anthropology - human cultures


Health economics - Health resource supply/demand


Health policy - decisions/plans/actions by gov.t

What is a health behaviour?

Anything people do to maintain/improve health, regardless of their perceived health status or whether the behaviour actually achieves that goal

What is well behaviour?




What is symptom-based behaviour?




What is sick-role behaviour?

Anything people do to maintain/improve good health and avoid illness




Anything ill people do to find the problem and solution




Anything people do to treat/adjust to a health problem after deciding they're ill and what the illness is

What are the three ways health behaviours are/aren't linked together?

People's health habits are stable, but do change over time


Particular health behaviours aren't strongly tied to each other


Each person subscribes to their health behaviours for different reasons

Give three reasons why health behaviours are not more stable and strongly linked to each other?

Life factors may differentially affect different behaviours


People change from experiences


Life circumstances change

What are the three types of efforts to prevent illness?

Behavioural influence (promote tooth brushing by providing information and demonstrations)




Environmental measures (add flouride to water)




Preventative efforts (dental professionals removing calculus from teeth and repairing caviites)

What are the three levels of illness prevention?

Primary prevention - actions to avoid disease/injury




Secondary prevention - actions to identify/treat illness or injury early with the aim of stopping/reversing the problem




Tertiary prevention - actions to contain/retard damage, prevent disability/recurrence, rehabilitate the patient

What five factors within the individual cause problems in promoting wellness?

Perceiving healthy behaviours as less appealing/convenient

Changing old habits/addictions


Need cognitive resources to know what to do


Need self-efficacy


Being sick/taking drugs affect people's moods/energy which affect cognitive resources and motivation

What are interpersonal factors that cause problems in promoting wellness?

Social influence involving people giving social support/encouragement for the other person to change their lifestyle




Interpersonal conflicts (ex. exercising routine disrupts someone else's routine)

What seven problems are there in the community in promoting wellness?

Insufficient funds for public health projects


Adjusting/communicating with different ages and socio-cultural backgrounds


Providing health care for needy


Lack of safe/convenient places to exercise


High numbers of fast food restaurants


Lack of health insurance


Balancing public health and economic priorities

What are the two main ways people learn?

Operant conditioning


Modelling

What are antecedents?

Internal/external stimuli that precede and set the occasion for a behaviour


Ex - need a cigarette with coffee after breakfast

What two other things affect health related beahviour?

Personality


Emotional state

How does perception and cognition affect health behaviour?

People react to their symptoms differently


Cognitive factors affect their understanding and implementation


Unrealistic optimization

List three reasons why studies of optimistic and pessimistic beliefs are important

Feelings of invulnerability have been shown occur at all ages, not just adolescence




People with unrealistically optimistic beliefs about their health are unlikely to take preventative action




Health professionals can implement programs to address these beliefs

What's the health belief model?

The likelihood a person will take preventive actions depends on the outcome of two assessments he/she makes of the perceived threat of the health problem, and weighing the pros/cons of taking action

What three factors influence people's perceived threat?

Perceived seriousness of the health problem


Perceived susceptibility to the health problem


Cues to action

List two reasons why the health belief model is incomplete?

Doesn't account for health-related behaviours people do habitually like tooth brushing, where a habit formed without weighing health threats/benefits/costs




There's no standard way to measure its components

What's the theory of planned behaviour

People decide their intention in advance of most voluntary behaviours, and intentions are the best predictors of what people will do

What three judgements determine a person's intentions to perform a behaviour?

Attitude about the behaviour


Subjective norm


Perceived behavioural control

What are two problems with the theory of planned behaviour?

Intentions and behaviour are not strongly correlated




Doesn't include the importance of people's prior experience with the behaviour

What is a weakness in both the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model?

Assuming people think about risks in a detailed fashion where they know what diseases associate with what behaviours and assess likelihood of becoming seriously ill. In reality, people choose their behaviours for random and obscure reasons

What is the stages of change model/transtheoretical model?

Five stage model of intentional behaviour change


Precontemplation


Contemplation


Preparation


Action


Maintenance

What is the difference in people in different stages?




What are the two ways that help people advance through stages?

Show different psychosocial characteristics




Describe in detail how to do the behaviour change


Plan for problems that arise when implementing the behaviour change

What four factors take part in high willingness to engage in risky behaviour?

Two are positive subjective norms and attitudes


Two are factors that heighten willingness are having engaged in the behaviour previously and having a favourable social image of the type of person who would perform the behaviour

What is conflict theory?

A model to account for both rational and irrational decision making, stress is important in this model





According to conflict theory, when does the cognitive sequence people use in making important decisions start?

When an event challenges their current lifestyle



Event can be a threat (symptom of illness) or an opportunity (chance to join free program to quit smoking)

According to conflict theory, people coping with decisional conflict depends on their perceptions of the presence/absence of what three factors?




These three factors produce what two coping patterns?

Risk, hope, adequate time




Hypervigilance - high risk, low time


Vigilance - high risk, high time



Give six reasons why women live longer than men?

Physiological reactivity (blood pressure/stress)


Estrogen delays heart disease/reduces blood cholesterol/reduces platelet clotting


Smoke & drink more (CVD/cancer/cirrhosis)


Drugs/diet/overweight/driving/sexual activity


Females consult a physician when ill


Work environments of males are more hazardous

What two things do women tend to be worse off in?

Higher acute illnesses and chronic diseases


More medical drugs and services

What three things is SES based on?

Income


Occupational prestige


Education

What is acculturation?

Immigrants adopting the health behaviours of their new culture

What are three main issues for professionals in promoting health in culturally diverse areas?

Biological factors - ex risk of developing blood disease


Cognitive and linguistic factors - Western/Eastern medicine, language


Social & emotional factors - socio-cultural groups differ in stress experienced/reaction/coping to it & their use of social support

What else could help promote good health behaviours in diverse populations?

Fostering a sense of community-belonging

What five methods do programs use to encourage health behaviour?

Providing information


Features of information to enhance motivation (BENEFITS SELL)


Motivational interviewing


Behavioural and cognitive methods


Maintaining healthy behaviours

What are four ways to feature information to enhance motivation?

Tailored content


Educational appeals


Message framing


Fear appeal

What four things help fear appeals more effective?

Emphasizing organic and social consequences of developing the health problem


Present it as a personal testimonial


Provide specific training for doing the behaviour


Help bolster self-confidence/self-efficacy for performing the behaviour before urging them to begin the plan

What is the goal in motivational learning?




What are two important features of the process?

For the counselor leads the client to voice arguments for behaviour change




Decisional balance - pros/cons of changing behaviour


Feedback - Receiving information on their pattern of the problem behaviour, comparisons with national norms, and risk factors/consequences

What are the two main approaches for behavioural and cognitive methods?

Giving reinforcers


Self-management

What is a lapse?


What is a relapse?


What is the abstinence-violation effect?

Instance of backsliding, not indicative of failure


Backsliding to original pattern of undesirable behaviour


A lapse destroying confidence which leads to full relapse

What is addiction?

Condition from repeated consumption of natural/synthetic psychoactive substance where one becomes dependent on it

When does physical dependence exist?


Dependence has what two characteristics?

When the body adjusts to the substance & incorporated it into the normal functioning of the body's tissues




Tolerance - increases until plateau


Withdrawal

What is psychological dependence?


How are tolerance and withdrawal different form physical dependence in this case?

Person feels compelled to use a substance for the effect, but not being physically dependent




Less tolerance and withdrawal

When is substance use disorder diagnosed?

When accompanied within 1-2 years(+) of characteristics like:


Tolerance/cravings/failing to meet obligations/putting others or self at risk/having substance-related legal difficulties

Substance dependence is affected by what six things?

Reinforcement - pos/neg reinforcement


Avoiding withdrawal


Substance-related cues - classical conditoining/initial drink prepping body for more/incentive-sensitizationt heory of dopamine enhancing salience of stimuli associated with substance


Expectancies - drinking = fun/hangover


Personality = Impusliveness/self-regulation


Genetics

Why do teens smoke?




Exs?

Psychosocial factors




Personal characteristics (self esteem/rebellious), image

What nine things tend to cause teenagers to continue/increase smoking?

1(+) parent smokes


Parents perceived as unconcerned/encouraging


Siblings/friends smoked


Rebellious/low school motivation


Receptive to tobacco ads


Peer pressure


Positive attitudes about the effects of smoking


Didn't see smoking as harmful to their health


Believed they could quit whenever

What five other findings are important?

Smoking by fam/friends reduces belief of harm


Teenagers smoke more around smokers who smoke a lot


Teens select smokers as friends


Negative emotions increase smoking


LGBT more likely to smoke

What three chemicals in cigarettes affect dependence?

Tars, carbon monoxide, nicotine

What's the nicotine regulation model?




What are two reasons why the nicotine regulation model may only provide part of the explanation for people's smoking behaviour?

Smokers smoke to maintain certain level of nicotine in their bodies to avoid withdrawal symptoms




People crave smoking even after all the nicotine leaves the body


Many people smoke same amount a day for years and don't increase their use (dont show tolerance)

What two main issues does smoking cause?


What two other things?

Cancer, CVD


Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


Acute respiratory infections

What three types of drugs usually don't start until adulthood?

Tranquilizers, barbiturates, and painkillers

What is polysubstance abuse?




Why do non-mainstream youth/marginalized abuse substances and engage in polysubstance more than their peers?

Using more than one substance




Have more stressors

Why do some people progress from drug use to drug abuse?

Personality (rebellious/thrill-seeking)


Less socially conforming/less religious


Friends/family use it

What three things do the most common and effective prevention approaches focus on?

Public policy and legal issues


Health promotion and education


Family involvement

What public policy approach has decreased tobacco consumption?




Two approaches for alcohol?




What approach for university/college campuses?




What approach hasn't been effective for alcohol?

Increasing price via taxation & restricting advertisements




Increasing price via taxation


Underage laws




Monitor use via drunk driving stops/parties




Limiting number of outlets that sell alcohol

What approach does Insite use?




List two major benefits of Insite?

Harm-reduction model




Less spread of HIV/AIDS


Less overdoses

What two kinds of education/health promotion have been shown to be effective?
(3 parts, 2 parts)

Social influence approaches -


Discussions/films about how peers/family/media influence smoking


Modelling/role-playing specific refusal skills


Students publicly announcing decision to not smoke




Life skills training approaches -


Critical thinking/anxiety coping


Social skills/making conversation/assertiveness

What three findings from research prove family involvement is important in prevention?

Parents providing little monitoring/rules/supervision are 4x more likely to try drugs


Children far less likely to use if parents would disapprove/punish


Parents of teens who use a substance aren't aware of it (39% tobacco/34% alcohol/11% drugs for awareness)

What two things lead to reduced use over the years?

Developing a romantic relationship with a non user


Increased conscientiousness

What's the success % of regular smokers stopping?




What seven reasons do those who succeed, succeed?

60%


Want to and are ready to quit


Confident they can succeed


Smoke < pack a day


Experience less stress


Less nicotine dependence, less tobacco craving, less withdrawal symptoms


Highly motivated (intrinsically)


Try again if they don't first succeed

What five methods do people use to try and quit?

Quitting cold turkey instead of reducing


Using oral substitutes


Doing it alone, sometimes betting/buddy system


Cognitive strategies (rewards/health risks/etc)


Material rewards/punishment

What five factors help in stopping alcohol and drugs use on one's own?

High self esteem


Few past experiences of intoxication


Social networks of people who drink less


Social support from spouse


Changing how to weigh the pros/cons

What three things help in early intervention?

Providing information


Quitlines


EAPs (employee assistance programs)

What method is used by health psychologists to stop/reduce usage?




What five ways can people help change a person from contemplation to preparation/action?

Cognitive-behavioural methods




Motivational interviewing


Giving clear advice about why/how to change


Removing barriers for change


Rewards/threats (can be real [getting fired])


Offering help/showing a helping attitude

What four psychosocial methods have been helpful in reducing substance use?

Therapy altering personality and cognitive factors (sensation seeking/impulsivity/consc.)


Reducing negative reinforcement like coping (progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, replacing stress-thoughts with good thoughts)


Positive reinforcement ($$$)


Cue exposure (classical conditioning)

What are the two main views of AA?




What are two lines of evidence for AA's success?

People who abuse alcohol are alcoholics forever, even if they remain abstinent


Alcoholics must commit to being 100% abstinent




AA just as effective as other treatments


Greater the duration/frequency of involvement in AA = less drinking & more social success

What three chemicals help reduce smoking?




What three chemicals help reduce alcohol abuse?




What three chemicals help reduce narcotic use?

Nicotine/Buproprin hydrochloride (antidepressant)/Varenicline




Disulfiram (nausea when combined with booze)


Naltrexone (reduces the high)


Acamprosate




Methadone; buprenorphine (prevents euphoria); Naltrexone

What five features should be considered in designing multidimensional programs?

Biochemical analyses at beginning of treatment


Brief daily phone call


Involving family


Physician involvement


Supplementing standard treatment with computer-based intervention

What six things lead to relapse?

Low self-efficacy


Negative emotions/poor coping


High craving


Expectations of reinforcement


Low motivation


Interpersonal issues

What are the three steps to the relapse prevention method?

Learn to identify high-risk situations via generating a list w/antecedent conditions




Acquire competent and specific coping skills via training in specific behaviours and thought patterns




Practice effective coping skills in high-risk situations under a therapist's supervision

What two features of ads are most effective in reducing smoking?

Emotionally evocative


Personalized stories

What's the cognitive adaptation theory believe?




Why?

Perceiving physiological risk may be harmful psychologically




People who don't fully accept the physiological risks may have better mental health


Meaning they're better able to cope with risks

What are the three steps in CBT?

Self observation/monitoring


Focusing on target health behaviour and underlying cognitions


Recognizing importance of beliefs/cognitions in determining health behaviours

What does BASICS stand for?




What is it and what does it aim at?




What are some strategies does it employ?

Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students


Self-assessment and skills training for improving self-efficacy, increasing awareness, and offering strategies related to alcohol




Slowing down/spacing drinks/quality>quantity/enjoying mild affects of alcohol

What five emotional drivers did the SuperMum Handwashing Campaign find to be the most effective levers for behaviour change?

Disgust (the desire toavoid and remove contamination)


Nurture (the desirefor a happy, thriving child)


Status (the desire tohave greater access to resources than others)


Affiliation (the desire tofit in)

What three reasons did physicians give for not washing hands?




What was a solution?

Soaps = irritating


Repeated need = tedious


Centres for Disease Control don't track these deaths




Increasing empathic responding over threat perception

What is herd immunity?

More people immunized/vaccinated = more chains of infection are disrupted




*for people allergic to ingredients in vaccines

BMI of 25(+) = ?
BMI of 30(+) + ?




What is the prevalence of obese and overweight individuals in Canada?




What age range are obesity rates the highest?

Overweight


Obese




>50%




55-64 years old

What are the two factors to weight control?





Biological; psychosocial

What are the two main parts to biological?

Metabolic rate


Genetics (twin studies; epigenetics; satiation)

What three hormones related to the hypothalamus help in weight regulation?

Ghrelin - sent to hypothalamus when stomach's empty/low intakeLeptin - stimulates/regulates eating and metabolismInsulin - regulates sugar in the blood, conversion of glucose to fat, storage of fat

What is fat-cell hyperplasia

Too many fat cells developed as a child which possibly leads to a high set-point for their entire life

Have school programs been successful in preventing excess weight gain?





Nope

What are nine parts to lifestyle interventions?

Nutrition and exercise counselling


Self monitoring bodyweight/food intake


Stimulus control techniques


Changing how one eats (pacing/chewing)


Behavioral contracting (rewards)


Family/friends as support


Rewarding not engaging in sedentary activities


Motivational interviewing


Problem-solving training

How many people stop following self-help weight-loss programs int he first 12 weeks?

>70% of people

What medication is used by physicians for weight loss?




What are the two types of bariatric surgery?




What are the requirements for bariatric surgery?

Orlistat - decreases intestinal absorption of ingested fat




Restricting holding capacity of stomach by installing a band


Reducing absorption of nutrients




BMI 40(+)/psychological screening/tried to diet

What are five reasons why people who lose weight, don't keep it off?

Hormones signal need for food for a year


Lack of reinforcement


Food cues


Negative emotions


Boredom

What are the three main types of eating disorders? BMI to anorexic people have?

Anorexia


Bulimia nervosa


Binge-eating disorder




18(-)

What are three factors to developing eating disorders?

Biological - neuroendocrine/neurotransmitters malfunctioning in eating-disorder individuals


Psychological - body image


Cultural - 13% of 15 year olds purge monthly

What three things are done to treat anorexia?




What is useful for bulimia?

Weight gain in hospital settings, mealtime interactions, drugs




Psychotherapy