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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the principal reasons contributing to adolescent parenthood? How prevalent is this problem?
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What are the implications for the adolescent girl or boy who initiate a pregnancy?
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Are there short – and/or long – term
consequences of a teen pregnancy? |
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What kind of community support are available for teenagers to become parents?
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What is being done to prevent or decrease teen pregnancies?
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Compare the response of society to teen
pregnancy in the past and currently. |
"In the past pregnancy was a degrading humiliating status that destroyed an adolescent girl's station and ability to fully participate in adolescent social development. Ways were taught that it was wrong to impregnate the girl outside of marriage." "Today, much attitudes no longer influence the course and outcome for teenage pregnancy. Abortion on demand is legal in the US. Fewer social stigmas are associated with teenage pregnancy, and families are more supportive of pregnant teenagers by providing various forms of emotional, financial, and physical assistance." |
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What are some statistics concerning adolescent pregnancy?
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This is not a new phenomenon in the US
It has been on the decline reaching its lowest point that hasn't been seen since the 1950s The decline is the in every ethnic group surveyed in the US 1/8 girls 13 – 19 10% miscarry 29% abort 61% carry to term 11% of all births are to teen mothers |
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What are the associated risks for teen mothers and their babies?
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May be associated risks for mothers and their babies who experience developmentally " off time" pregnancy
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What made the general decline in teenage
pregnancy be attributed to? |
Increased participation in programs that
emphasize responsible sexual decision-making A decrease in the number of sexually active teenage girls Wider use of contraceptives among sexually active teens |
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What is also declined along with the number of teen pregnancies in the US?
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The number of teenage marriages
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What is the usual result when teens become pregnant?
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The teens carry the pregnancy to term and
retain custody of the child |
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What are the basic reasons why teenagers
become pregnant? |
Increased frequency of sexual intercourse
taking place at earlier ages than in the past Social influences that de–emphasized the negative stigma was associated with teen pregnancy Lack of adequate contraceptive knowledge in these by sexually active teen males and females Personal attitudes about sexuality, pregnancy, and parenthood |
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What percent of teens are believed to have had sexual intercourse at least once by age 19?
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7 of 10 teens
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What are 12 contributing causes of teenage pregnancy?
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Serious emotional problems
Embarrassment about sexual matters Religious beliefs Eagerness to participate in sexual activity without making the effort to ensure safer experiences, as well as impulsivity and peer pressure Feelings of resentment and anger toward a parent Feelings of guilt, a negative self image, or low self-esteem The desire to prove one's masculinity or femininity An intent to create a captive love or to trap a mate A desire to receive unconditional love from another person Behavioral problems, involvement in criminal activity, acting out behavior, or participation in delinquent behaviors Certain family background markers, the level of the parents' educational achievement, a parent who was sexually active as a teenager, older swindling you were sexually active, experiencing a particular type of parental supervision and adolescent, parental involvement in elementary schooling, and racial or ethnic backgrounds |
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What are some examples of the serious
emotional problems that is a contributing cause of teenage pregnancy? |
Lack of adequate social adjustment
Extreme feelings of isolation Loneliness Low self-esteem |
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What does embarrassment about sexual
matters, which is a contributing cause of teenage pregnancy, lead to? |
Reluctance to obtain information about
conception and contraception |
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How do religious beliefs, which is a contributing cause of teenage pregnancy, influence teens?
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They may compound feelings of guilt, and
enhancing reluctance to be informed about sexual matters |
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What do feelings of resentment and anger
toward the parents, which is a contributing cause of teenage pregnancy, facilitates? |
A desire to punish the parents
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What do the feelings of guilt, a negative self
image, or low self-esteem, which are contributing causes to teenage pregnancy, facilitate? |
The need to be accepted socially, irrespective of the costs and outcomes
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What does it desire for unconditional love from another person, a contributing cause of teenage pregnancy, do?
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It is perceiving a baby as a substitute for parental or marital love
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What is an example of a behavior problem
associated with being a contributing cause of teenage pregnancy? |
Conduct disorders
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What is an example of delinquent behavior that is associated with being a contributing cause of teenage pregnancy?
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Substance abuse
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What is an example of certain family background markers, which are contributing causes of teenage pregnancy?
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A single parent versus a first marriage family of origin
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According to the textbook, what are 3 reasons why teenagers become pregnant?
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The text brings up the idea childbearing and adaptive strategy for disadvantaged
individuals Adolescent parenthood is actually a cause for disadvantaged status There is a belief that teenagers who become pregnant are promiscuous by the actuality is adolescence often become intensely involved with one person over a period of time |
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What is important to distinguish about
adolescent parenting? |
Risk from concrete outcome
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What are the 5 antecedent conditions contributing to the ages at which teens become sexually active and to the number of partners?
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Increases in the level of sex hormones
associated with puberty at earlier ages than in the past Adolescents' cognitive and emotional development usually lag behind physical development The degree of adolescent girls' permissiveness about sexual activity may be related to friends and sisters who are sexually active Many teens feel great deal of social pressure to become sexually active from peers Sociocultural factors may influence the probability of a teens' participating in sexual activity |
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What do these sex hormones establish?
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The interest in and motivation for sexual activity
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What happens when adolescents' cognitive and emotional development lags behind physical
development? |
Teenagers may not be completely aware of the risks involved in early, and protected sexual
activity |
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When is the degree of adolescent girls'
permissiveness about sexual activity especially a factor? |
If an adolescent sister has become a mother herself
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When do teens feel a great deal of social
pressure to become sexually active from their peers? |
Girls who may be particularly susceptible to
coercion from a male partner |
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What are some examples of sociocultural factors that are antecedents conditions that contribute to ages at which teens become sexually active and to the number of their partners?
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Religious participation
Ethnic background The family of origin's socioeconomic status |
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Family of origin
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Is influential in shaping a teenager's attitudes about sexual activity because of models
behaviors that influence adolescent's choices concerning sexual behavior |
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What are some examples of choices concerning sexual behavior modeled in family of origin?
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Sexual history of the mother during her
adolescent Older siblings who are sexually active Living in a single-parent rather than a first marriage family system Unhealthy levels of family cohesion and adaptability Highly involved mother – daughter and negative father – daughter relationships Quality of the PC relationship |
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What do reports say about teenager's desire for pregnancy when they participate in sexual
activity? |
Few teenagers are reported to desire pregnancy when they participate in sexual activity, but
failure to use contraception happens for a number of reasons |
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What are the 5 meanings associated with
adolescent contraceptive use? |
The use of contraception is an obvious
admission of sexual activity Teenagers' use of contraception reflects their understanding of negative consequences Seeking and obtaining contraceptive devices have certain social, economic, and psychological costs that teenagers must weigh of the risk and cost of pregnancy It must be negotiated with the sexual partner, which made him find embarrassing and feel inept at discussing Team may not use contraception because of the irrational belief that other people can become pregnant but not them |
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What are 2 examples of negative consequences to sexual behavior?
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Pregnancy
Disease |
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What are the 6 things researchers have found about certain antecedent conditions that are associated with the use of contraception and the use of safer sex practices among teenagers?
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Psychosocial factors
Sexual experience Families' provision for failure to provide information to teenagers about birth control Parent's openness to communicate and their support of safer sexual decision making tends to increase adolescents' use of contraception Peers become an important source of influence and information for teenagers When teenagers you are sexually active have access to family planning services and information regarding sexual choices, whether in schools or their communities, there's a greater likelihood of preventing pregnancy and STDs |
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Psychosocial factors
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Perceiving oneself as sexually active
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Sexual experience
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As teenagers become more sexually active they tend to use contraception more regularly and correctly
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Do teenagers typically choose marriage after
becoming pregnant? |
No
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Regardless whether or not teens marry, what do they tend to encounter?
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The poorest socioeconomic outcomes
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If the pregnant teens married, does it
significantly improve their situation? What is marriage under these circumstances considered to be? |
No
High risk Prone to early divorce |
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Describe the assistance from their families for unmarried teens.
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They received less assistance from their families than those who married
They are more likely to receive welfare benefits and teens who are married |
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How often has adoption been chosen as an
option in adolescent pregnancy? Why or why not? |
Chosen less frequently as an option
More teenage girls choose to continue the pregnancy and retain custody of the baby |
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What does adoption enable?
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The growth to continue her education, attend to otherwise normal adolescent developmental tasks, and avoid experiencing a disadvantaged existence
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What types of feelings are produced when a teenager places a baby up for adoption? What can these types of feelings have?
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Guilt
Grief Loss Long-term side effects |
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Open adoption
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Birth mother can remain in contact with the adoptive parents
The birth mother can follow the development of the child's, even though she gives up most of her parental rights |
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What do the short and long-term consequences of teen parenthood include?
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Educational implications
Effects on marriage and family relations Actual and potential laborforce participation Effects on the PC relationships |
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What appears to be the most common reason why an adolescent girl fails to complete her high school education? When is this especially true?
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Pregnancy
The younger woman is If the woman is African-American |
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What is the most long-term effect of adolescent parenting?
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The disruption of a girl's education relates to economic consequences
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What can the teen mother expect?
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To have a lower salaried job
Lower job satisfaction A decreased quality of life |
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Even Start
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By the US Department of Education
Promoting the continuation of schooling by providing childcare during school hours and teaching parenting and family life skills and assisting in vocational developments |
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What happens when pregnant teenagers remain educationally motivated?
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They improve their grades
Resolve to graduate Show an interest in attending college |
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What is more likely to happen when adolescents are pregnant?
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It is likely to hasten early marriages
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What is likely in teenage marriages?
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High risk
Highly unstable Prone to end shortly by divorce |
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What percent of adolescent marry divorce? How soon do they divorce? Compare with those who marry in early childhood.
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60%
5 years 20% |
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What do most research findings suggest about the effects of adolescent parenting on marriage and family interactions?
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Early childbearing and marriage contribute to greater unhappiness than the pregnancy itself
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What do early studies of adolescent pregnancy report about the health considerations? What are these especially a problem?
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Many adverse physical complications for the young mother
If she did not see regular prenatal care |
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What are some of the risks associated with a young mother's pregnancy?
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Elevated death rates
Increased prevalence of maternal toxemia Anemia Postpartum infections Hemorrhaging |
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When are the health risks associated with
adolescent pregnancy minimized? What are most of these conditions directly linked to? Why does this happen? |
If the adolescent girls receive adequate and early prenatal care and supervised nutrition
Lack of prenatal care, often because the mother is secretive about the pregnancy |
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What are other factors contributing to the
increased health risks? |
Poverty
Lack of access to healthcare |
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What else is also negatively affected by early childbearing?
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Mental health
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According to the text, what happens to their
future been teenage girls drop out of school because of pregnancy? |
It is jeopardized because of the broad impact on their ability to provide adequate incomes for themselves and their children
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Why do teenage parents face major economic consequences during this part of their lives?
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Loss of educational opportunities
Lack of sufficient support networks Unavailability of adequate childcare Extensive medical expenses |
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What happens when most girls fail to complete high school due to adolescent parenting?
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They lack the entry-level skills to compete in the job market
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How much is the adolescent mothers' income in comparison to mothers who have their first child and early adulthood?
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About half in comparison
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What are adolescent parents frequently unable to provide?
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The type of financial support that will ensure
adequate prenatal care, with, and living conditions |
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What do teen mothers often lack?
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Resources to become effective parents,
frequently failing to complete their education, and failed to see parenthood as being personally or socially restrictive |
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What characteristics do children born to teenage parents have?
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They are more costly to the parents than those born to women who have their child in their 20s
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What type of controversy exists about effect on the PC relationships of adolescent parents?
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Whether teen mothers are as good at parenting as compared to older mothers
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What 7 things place the adolescent PC
relationship at risk? |
Lack of knowledge about children's developmental needs
Less sensitivity to behavior cues from infants Less interest in playing with children Less interaction time with children Ambivalent feelings about parenthood Greater tendency to use physical punishment More likely to feel depressed, nervous, tense, and fretful |
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What have other studies found about adolescent parenting?
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They typically demonstrate a range of nurturing, caregiving behaviors toward children, although immature and self-centered parenting styles also occur
The teen mothers are found to have competent parenting skills when compared to older mothers |
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What is the attitude about teenage fathers?
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It is more important for adolescent fathers to be identified and assumed their legal
responsibilities for their out of wedlock child |
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What do existing studies on teenage fathers
examine? |
Personality characteristics involving a girl's
pregnancy and after the child's birth, role in pregnancy resolution decisions, his problem, and social outcomes associated with being an adolescent father |
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How are these teen fathers stereotyped?
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Uncaring
Uninvolved Immature |
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How do researchers describe these young
fathers? |
Frightened
Withdrawn Confused Guilty about what has happened |
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Why do adolescent boys and young men
become absent or nonresidential fathers? |
Most adolescent girls become mothers choose to retain custody of their baby not get married
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How do many adolescent fathers feel about the girls pregnancy? What will they do to deal with this?
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Overwhelmed
They may use denial as a defense mechanism to avoid the anxiety associated with their responsibilities |
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What appears to be a positive influence on the team father's involvement with coparenting
following the birth? |
The quality of a teen father's relationship with the teen mother of their child prior to their child's birth
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What do adolescent fathers' lack?
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Involvement in pregnancy resolution decisions which relates to the lack of clarity in their role as the father
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What are the factors that are NOT related to the likelihood of becoming a teen father?
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Coming from a home without a biological
father or a home that offers supervision Parental emotional depression Presence of family violence Commitment to school performance |
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What factors may predispose someone to being an adolescent father?
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Being a teen of color
Being educationally disadvantaged Having parents who assume the role early in life Having parents with little formal education Involvement with delinquent or deviant behavior Experiencing adverse childhood conditions |
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What are the consequences for a child of an adolescent parent?
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A tendency toward behavioral problems
The likelihood of becoming teen parents themselves, experiencing homelessness, incarceration, and/or juvenile delinquency A tendency to repeat grades in school and have some type of learning disability A tendency to do this play developmental delays The likelihood of experiencing disruptive marriages in adulthood Early sexual activity and inconsistent use of contraceptives, increasing the chances of a teen pregnancy Greater likelihood of being abused, neglected, or abandoned |
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Which sex has a tendency toward behavioral problems?
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Boys
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Adolescent parenting services
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Community services that have been expanded to include social and human service programs that address the needs of pregnant teens
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How do researchers identify successful
programs? |
Programs that provide individual attention to the participants
Multi-components, multiagency, community – wide programs involving parents, schools, and religious groups to reach those teens most in need of services |
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Adolescent Family Life Act
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Programs that address adolescent sexual activity that lead to pregnancy
Most programs advocate abstinence or delay sexual activity |
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What do most effective programs in preventing teen pregnancy provide?
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Counseling
Peer education Services to increase contraceptive use |
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What do truly successful programs help teen parent to do?
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To do a competent job of parenting children
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In what areas will this be evident?
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Cognitive
Emotional Intellectual Physical development |
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What is been found in the youths that
participate in sex education programs? |
Found to delay participating in sexual
intercourse rather than initiating this early are experiencing increases in sexual activity |
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What have these different types of programs such as educational programming been
developed to do? |
Maintain the public school education program
of teens who are pregnant or already parents Mainstream pregnant adolescents into public schools or to maintain the public school educational programs |
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What is the main function of these programs?
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To lower the high dropout rate observed among teenage girls of those you are already parents
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What happens with teenagers who participate in these programs?
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They tend to return to, or stay in school
programs that lead to a high school diploma |
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What do research reports say about subsequent births among teen mothers?
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They are diminished when they remain in school, live at home with their parents, and are engaged in educational or work activities
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What do some of these programs support for offer?
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The continuation of the teenager's education while providing child development and
parenting information that promotes competent caregiving skills Offer child care services while providing other students with child development and parenting courses |
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What happens when teenagers have information about sexuality, child development,
contraception, and parenting? |
There is an increase in the number of teens
using birth control There is a reduction in the number of repeated pregnancies There is a reduction in the number of child abuse cases |
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What is a tool used in giving teenagers
information about child development and parenting? |
A realistic strategy for helping teens avoid
pregnancy makes use of a doll that looks, feel, and sounds like a real baby. It can register whether it was cared for adequately |
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What is another tool used in giving teenagers
information about child development and parenting? |
One that is effective in helping adolescents have experiences that are similar to those
encountered by parents of a newborn Used in some teen pregnancy prevention programs |
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What are the 3 outcomes that are the result of education and information about sexuality, child development, contraception, and parenting?
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Increasing the number of teens using birth
control Reduction in repeat pregnancies Reduction of child abuse cases |
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What are the pros and cons of health clinic
located in junior and senior high school dispensing contraceptives to any student who request them? |
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How have supports for adolescent parents changed over time?
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A teenager who become a parent receives more support from his or her community
today than in the past In many places, community services have been expanded to include a number of other social and human service programs that address the needs of pregnant teens and those who become parents |
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How can these be programs be made better?
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It is likely that programs targeting teen girls
would be more effective in combined with the programs aimed at the younger males |
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What are these programs that are combined for teenage girls and boys based on?
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Changing males' Sexual to include the use of condoms, not only to prevent the spread of STDs, but also to reduce pregnancy
Requiring males to assume financial responsibility for their children and motivation to avoid future unintended pregnancies Increasing enforcement of statutory rape charges to reduce pregnancy and births Strengthening the role of fathers in all families Teaching teen fathers how to become more involved with their children |
