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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infancy
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The periods of the lifespan that extends
between the birth and the first year following the birth Has its own unique developmental tasks Has its own unique landmarks Lays the foundation for current and future developmental progress Several complex developmental changes in events are uniquely linked to this time of life |
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Research on infancy
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Shows highly competent behaviors and being
actively involved in learning to master interactions with the environment Acknowledges it as a landmark in the human lifespan |
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What do infants require?
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Much attention
Supervision Care to grow and develop properly |
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What do parents provide during most of the
developmental periods between infancy and early childhood? |
Care-giving that addresses physical and
emotional needs |
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What are some sources of contemporary ideas about the nature of infants? Are these depictions realistic?
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?
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What are some examples of the maturational changes?
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Size
Weight Body portions |
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What are developmental events a product of?
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Maturational changes
Changes in the physiological structures and functions The development of particular physical skills Psychological in nature |
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Give examples of the physical skills.
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Walking
Speaking |
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Psychological development events
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Were sensitive to environmental influences
Contribute to the PC relationship Configured in particular ways that are unique to the individual and family system |
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What is the focus of the healthy adjustment in infancy?
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Accomplishing the challenges of the
developmental tasks and landmarks that are appropriate for this time in life |
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What do infants need to acquire when
progressing from complete dependence and helplessness at birth to the ability to function somewhat independently of adult in some contexts? |
A trusting attitude about their caregivers and their environment
Establish initial personal boundaries that permit self individualization Caretakers are responsive to their needs |
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What are all humans born with? What did
parents need to know about this? |
Capacity for certain events that have been
programmed to the and for all the events that are subject to environmental influences Knowledge of developmental events that occur at each stage of a child's life plan |
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Why do parents and caregivers need to be aware of certain cues that the baby will provide to assist caregivers regarding behavior?
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Infants are active participants in influencing their
social environments and the responses of those who provide their care |
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How do caregivers recognize these cues that are often a part of the developmental process?
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Observe and 80s behavior
Know what occurs appropriately at different times |
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What is necessary for survival and for enhancing a child's developmental process?
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Dependent on adults
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What do children need for survival?
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Responsible adults
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Why is the degree of dependency in infancy and childhood so different from that observed among the young of other species?
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Humans have larger brains which allows for higher order mental processes that are not found in other species
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What does it take for a human's brain to be wired and establishing the myriad of neural
circuits that allow mature functioning than other species do? |
Much more developmental time
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Give an example of how the human brain
requires much more developmental time for wiring in establishing the myriad neural circuits that allow mature functioning. |
The brain at birth weight only 25% of the total adult weight, but by age 3, the brain has attained about 90% of its' adult weight
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What of is there to attaining maturity?
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Socialization and education continue for many years beyond age 3
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What do parents provide for most of the
developmental period between infancy and early childhood? |
Care-giving that is largely physical and emotional nurturing
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What changes as children grow?
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Physical care-giving diminishes somewhat while psychological care-giving increases
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What do the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to promote the health of the infants and their mothers?
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Breast feeding
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What does the steady rise in conclusively breast-fed infants, especially at 3 – 6 months and imply?
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Mothers are nursing longer
Both the mothers and infants receive the health benefits |
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What do the statistics for the US indicate?
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They are encouraging
About 75% of children have been breast-fed at some time, meaning that some nursing occurred, supplemented with formula 1/3 of all mothers had managed to exclusively breast-feed until the baby 3-month-old In several states, the figure was as high as 50% |
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What is the evidence of distinct cultural
variations in the breast-feeding statistics in the US? |
80% of Hispanic/Latino mothers initiating
breast-feeding |
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What is one of the initial decisions in providing infant care?
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To commit to breast-feeding for at least 4 – 6 month so that the mother's anti-bodies can be transmitted to the infant through her breastmilk
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Anti-bodies
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Proteins that fight infection The infant to develop increased immunity against disease |
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What is almost all fathers view on
breast-feeding? |
They are supportive and encourage
breast-feeding for their newborns because they have been educated regarding the many benefits to both the mother and the infants |
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Hospital lactation specialists
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Specifically certified International Board of
Lactation consultant Can guide the mother in establishing good lactation patterns and coping with nursing Counseled mothers concerning pumping breastmilk for feeding when she is not available to nurse and supplementation with formula, if needed |
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How long does optimal breast-feeding last? |
6 months
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What follows breast-feeding?
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The addition of complementary age-appropriate foods
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How long do children benefit from nursing?
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Well beyond the actual infant feeding process
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What are some specific benefits to
breast-feeding? |
They are less likely to become obese and
develop diabetes in later life Mothers have a lower risk for breast cancer, diabetes, and heart disease Mothers lose weight gain during pregnancy faster |
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What else is important about the time spent nursing?
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It is an excellent bonding opportunity for the
infant and the mother |
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What do some family-friendly workplaces and child care centers provide?
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A lactation room for female employees
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What is the most recent childcare regulations that have been adjusted nationally? Why?
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To support nursing mothers
It is best practice |
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Why does research support breast-feeding?
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The health benefits far outweigh any perceived inconvenience
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What are the medical conditions under which mothers should not nurse?
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With infectious agents can be transmitted via breast milk
When certain medications and other substances are excreted into the milk of lactating mothers |
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Give examples of infectious agents that can be transmitted via breastmilk.
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Hepatitis
Untreated tuberculosis HIV |
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What should lactating mothers abstain from?
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Nicotine
Alcohol Limit caffeine intake |
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What type of medication should lactating
mothers take or avoid? |
Take the same precautions during lactation as they did during pregnancy
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How do you ensure the safety of the child
receiving breast milk from other mothers ? What is ideal? |
Unscreened human breast milk should not be fed to another mother' s child
Ideally, an infant should receive the milk from its own biological mother |
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What can be done under special circumstances, such as extreme prematurity and when babies are fragile?
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Breastmilk can be purchased if it is not available from the mother
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What is the process of purchasing breast milk?
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The breast milk and the donor mother will have been screened and the milk pasteurized
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What do some hospitals have?
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Maintained milk banks that adhere to strict guidelines of the Human Milk Banking
Association of North America |
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What can nursing mothers do who have surplus human milk?
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Donate to the milk bank depots
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What is one of the earliest reflexes to appear during prenatal development?
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Sucking reflex
Exceptionally well developed at birth in full-term newborns Easily elicited by almost any stimulation to the lips, cheeks, or mouth area Ensures that an infant can obtain nourishment before teeth emerge for chewing |
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Rooting reflex
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Seeking out the mother's breast in order to nurse
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How often do most infants require feeding?
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Every 2 – 4 hours during the first few months
after birth |
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What happens in the 6th month?
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Solid foods are added to the baby's diet
The number of feedings is reduced |
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What happens to the number of feedings as the infants for older?
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They continue to decline
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What can the mothers do during this period of time?
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They can continue to supplement meetings with breast milk
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When can toddlers generally feed themselves?
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After they had developed the motor skills and coordination necessary to hold the cup and drink from it and to bring food to their mouths and chew
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What are these events the results of?
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Maturational processes
Cultural expectations (experiences) |
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What is the purpose of developmental norms?
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They are established toshow the times at which these events can be expected to occur
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Explain some of the many far-reaching positive outcomes of breast-feeding prevent mother and infant. How can fathers be supported in meeting the needs a new baby?
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When are infants introduced to age-appropriate solid foods?
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When they indicate a readiness to begin taking solid foods
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What are some indications that infants are ready to be introduced to age-appropriate solid foods?
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Ability to hold the head steady
Ability to transfer food from the front of the tongue to the back and to swallow |
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What do infant specialists recommend?
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Solid foods are introduced preferably introduced at about 6 months
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What happens if solid foods are introduced to early?
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They can interfere with the intake of human milk
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What is a major concern in the infant's diet?
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Providing adequate amounts of protein, iron, and Vitamin D to meet the infant's requirements for growth
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What can the lack of adequate sources of these nutrients lead to?
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Malnutrition
Eventually to permanent damage (especially to the brain and the central nervous system) |
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Who's advise should parents follow when
deciding an infant's diet? |
Pediatrician
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What will happen at the toddler matures?
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They will learn a more mature style of eating that parallels the physical growth
They will learn the many complex social, cultural, physiological, and physiological aspects that are part of eating |
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What is likely is a woman experienced relatively good health during her pregnancy?
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The baby will also enter the world in a healthy state
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What are the typical conditions that appear to be a concern that are relatively normal for infants?
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Spitting up or vomiting common
Bloating and cramps are also common that they can be prevented Sneezing and hiccuping, especially during the first few months following birth, are common The appearance of the stool varies by age and diet of the infant Rashes are also common, especially in the diaper area Other skin conditions may be observed, such as cradle cap (seborrhea), and heat rash. If the infant is breast-fed, occasional skin rashes and a slight breast budding or swelling caused by hormones in the lactating mothers breast milk Obstructed tear ducts sometimes occur, and in the majority of cases there is spontaneous remission within the first year |
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Which parents do after each meeting to prevent bloating and cramps?
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Burp them adequately
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Describe the typical stool of breast-fed babies.
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Mustard – yellow, runny, and seedy or curdled in texture
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What can the mermen in the lactating mothers breast milk cause?
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Skin rashes
Slight breast budding or swelling |
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When an infant gets unobstructed tear duct, how long until it clears?
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There is usually spontaneous remission within the first year
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What does well-baby medical care allow? Why is this so important?
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Healthcare professionals to examine the baby regularly and to judge whether any conditions require medical intervention and treatment
Many physical disorders can be detected early |
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What provides protection from communicable diseases?
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Immunizations
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What are some examples of communicable
diseases? |
Measles
Diphtheria Mumps Polio |
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What is recommended by physicians?
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A schedule of planned vaccinations
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What do most families have?
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Medical insurance to cover this care
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What will family living in poverty be able to get?
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All vaccinations and care at no cost at public
clinics |
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What is the popular belief about infants? What is the real deal?
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They sleep a great deal of the time, at least 16 hours the day
This may be so during the early months, but individual sleeping patterns are subject to wide variations |
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What is available to guide parents concerning the child sleep?
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Material, based on best practices
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What is sleep during the first few months
interrupted by? |
Feeding
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When does this round-the-clock pattern of
alternating periods of sleep with feeding change? |
Extends to longer intervals of wakefulness after the 3rd month
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What happens to sleep during the remainder of the time until the baby reaches age 2?
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Sleep decreases to 10 to 14 hours hours daily
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What do most toddlers need? What is the
parents' attitude towards this? |
A morning and afternoon nap through the preschool years
it is welcomed because they need a little time off from child care |
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Back – to – sleep
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Infants should sleep on their backs in a supine
position |
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Describe the crib mattress an infant should sleep on.
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Firm
Covered by a tight fitting sheet |
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What type of crib should infants have?
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Safety approved
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What is not recommended for infants older than 2 months? Why?
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Swaddling
Increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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What type of clothing is recommended for
infant's sleeping? |
A one piece garment
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What should parents be aware of when
preparing an infant for bed? Why? |
The temperature of the room
The child should not overheat |
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Where should infants not take naps? What should be done to prevent this?
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Car safety seat
Always monitor the child while traveling |
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What should be done in an infant falls asleep while traveling?
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Remove the child immediately on arrival
Place the infant in a supine position in a crib |
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What should be avoided for safe sleeping?
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Baby necklaces
Bibs Anything around the baby's neck that can cause strangulation |
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How many infants should have access to a crib?
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1
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What can be used when the safety protocols are consulted?
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Pacifiers
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What should parents do for safe sleeping of
infants? |
They should be observed at all times by sight and sound
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